Scrotum Anaomalies and Pathology

• Scrotum Congenital Anomalies include:

  Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), Testicular ectopia, Anorchia and Polyorchidism
• Cryptorchidism during Fetal development will cause for testes to first appear in:

  retroperitoneum near kidneys
• __________should descend into scrotum via inguinal canal shortly before birth or early in neonatal period

  Testes
• Cryptorchidism is Bilateral in __________ of cases

  10-25%
• Surgical intervention for cryptorchidism is called :

  orchiopexy
• **Complications if surgical intervention of Cryptorchidism not taken:

  Infertility, Testicular cancer AND torsion
• ________________: occurs when testicle cannot be manipulated into correct path of descent

  Testicular Ectopia
• Most common site for ectopic testicle to rest is:

  superficial inguinal pouch
• Other sites of testicular ectopia include:

  perineum, femoral canal, suprapubic area, penis, diaphragm, and other scrotal compartment
• __________: the absence of testes

  anorchia
• Unilateral anorchia, or monorchidism, found in 4% of patients with :

  nonpalpable testis
• Anorchia is More common on:

  left side
• Definitive diagnosis of anorchia depends on:

  surgical diagnosis
• Causes of anorchia include Intrauterine testicular _______or other forms of _______vascular supply to testicle in utero

  torsion ; decreased
• Polyorchidism is More common on:

  left (75%)
• Polyorchidism causes an increased incidence of:

  Malignancy, Cryptorchidism, Inguinal hernia, Torsion
• Duplicated testis are usually very:

  small
• Scrotal trauma presents challenge because scrotum is often:

  painful and swollen
• After trauma if surgery is performed within _______hours following injury, up to 90% of testes can be saved,

  72
• Only__________can be saved after 72 hours following trauma.

  45% (even less)
• Hydrocele and hematocele are both complications of:

  trauma.
• ___________________contain blood; found in advanced cases of epididymitis or orchitis.

  Hematoceles
• Sonographic findings associated with scrotal rupture:

  Focal alteration of testicular parenchymal pattern, Interruption of tunica albuginea, Irregular testicular contour, Scrotal wall thickening and Hematocele
• Hematomas associated with trauma may be large and cause:

  displacement of the associated testis.
• Hematomas appear as ________________areas within scrotum.

  heterogeneous
• Hematomas become more _____________with time, developing cystic components.

  complex
• Hematomas may involve testis or epididymis, or they can be contained within:

  scrotal wall.
• Blood flow disruption across surface of testis indicates:

  rupture.
• color Doppler imaging can be used to identify associated ______________vascularity in epididymis.

  increased
• Torsion can also be associated with :

  trauma.
• Color Doppler is used to confirm _______________ in testis with torsion.

  absence of flow
• ______________________: Infection of epididymis and testes

  Epididymo-orchitis
• Epididymo-orchitis MOST COMMONLY results from spread of:

  lower UTI via spermatic cord.
• Epididymo-orchitis is the Most common cause of ___________ _________ _____________in adults.

  acute scrotal pain
• Epididymo-orchitis usually occurs secondary to:

  epididymitis
• Epididymitis appears as an ___________, ____________ gland

  enlarged, hypoechoic
• If secondary hemorrhage has occurred, epididymis may contain :

  focal hyperechoic areas
• Normal epididymis shows ________flow with color Doppler.

  little
• Affected side shows significantly _________flow than asymptomatic epididymis.

  more
• Epididymo-orchitis causes ____________flow with significantly _______visible vessels on color Doppler compared with asymptomatic side.

  hyperemic ; more