Acids and Bases

• Hydrolysis 


  
  

  The reaction of a salt with water which changes the PH of the solution.
• Acid (Arhenius)


  A substance that produces hydrogen ions(H+)/(H3O+) in aqueous solution.
• Base (Arhenius)


  A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH‐) in aqueous solution.
• Acid (Bronsted) 


  An acid is a proton (H+ Ion) donor.
• Base (Bronsted) 


  A base is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor
• Ampholyte 


  A substance that conducts electric current and acts as either an acid or a base.
• Equivalence Point of a Titration 


  The point at which an acid/base has completely reacted with an acid/base.
• End Point of a Titration 


  The point where the indicator changes colour.
• Define Kw Value 


  The equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water.
• Auto-ionisation of water

  The reaction of water with itself to form H3O+ ions and OH‐ ions.
• Strong Acids

  • HCL- Hydrochloric acid
  • H2SO4 - Sulphuric acid
  • HNO3 - Nitric Acid
• Strong Base

  • NaOH - Sodium hydroxide
  • KOH - Potassium hydroxide
  • Mg(OH)2 - Magnesium hydroxide
• Weak Base

  • NaHCO3 - Sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • NH3 - Ammonia
• Acid + Metal --->? 


  Salt + H2(g)
• Acid + Metaloxide --->? 


  Salt + Water

  E.g.) HCL + ZnO ---> H20 + ZnCL

  (Balanced) 2HCL + ZnO ---> H20 + ZnCL2
• Acid + Metalhydroxide --->? 


  Salt + Water

  E.g.) HCL + KOH ---> H2O + KCL
• Acid + Metalcorbonate --->? 


  Salt + Water + CO2(g)

  E.g.) HCL + MgCO3 ---> CO2 + H2O + MgCL

  Balanced: 2HCL + MgCO3 ---> CO2 + H2O + Mg2CL
• Acid + Ammonia --->? 


  Ammonium salt

  E.g) HCL + NH3 ---> NH4CL
• Strong acid + Strong base = 


  • PH = ±7
  • Indicator - Bromothymol Blue
  • Indicator PH Range = 6.0 - 7.6
  • Colour = Yellow to blue
• Strong acid + Weak base = 


  • PH = <7
  • Indicator - Methyl Orange
  • Indicator PH Range = 3.2-4.4
  • Colour = Red to yellow
• Weak acid + Strong base =

  • PH > 7
  • Indicator - Phenolpthalein
  • Indicator PH range = 8.2-10
  • Colour = colorless to pink
• Weak acid + Weak base = 


  • PH = ±7
  • Indicator - Bromothymal Blue
  • Indicator PH Range = 6.0-7.6
  • Colour = Yellow to blue
• What is Standard Temperature and Pressure

  Standard Temperature = 0°C / 273K

  Standard Pressure = 1atm
• Weak Acids: 


  H3PO4 - Phosphoric acid

  CH3COOH - Ethanoic acid

  H2CO3 - Carbonic acid
• A weak acid:


  Ionizes incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O+ Ions.