Science

• In ancient times they use celestial bodies to locate places on earth.
• Celestial bodies:

  • star
  • constilation - group of stars
  • Sun rising
• Celestial navigation - system of navigation using heavenly bodies of the earth as bases in locating places.
• Coordinate system - method of identifying the location of a point on earth
• Cartician coordinate systen:

  y axis - vertical and it is called ordinate

  x axis - horizontal and it is called absissa
• Earths coordinate system - defines location on earth using longitude and latitude
• Longitude and latitude are imaginary lines
• Longitude - measures west and east
• Latitude - measures north and south
• Prime meridian - divides west and east hemisphere
• Equator - divides north and south hemisphere
• Lithosphere - outer part of the earth or land part
• Layers of the earth:

  • Crust - thinnest layer of the earth, this is where we live
  • Mantle - thickest part of the earth
  • Core - parts of core: Inner core (solid state) Outer core (liquid state)
• Natural Resources in Lithosphere:

  • Minerals - building blocks of rocks
  • Rocks - composed of 1 or more minerals
  • Soil
  • Fossil Fuels
• Types of rocks:

  • Igneous rocks - formed by cooled and solidated molten
  • Sedimentary rocks - washed into lakes, rivers, and ocean
  • Methamorphic rocks - Changed in form due to heat
• Hydrosphere - earth is composed of almost 70% of water
• Water Cycle:

  • Evaporation - when the sun heats up bodies of water and turns into water vapor (liquid to gas)
  • Transpiration - Plants lose water on their leaves because it evaporates
  • Condensation - water vapor in the air gets cold and turns into liquid again
  • Precipitation - occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get heavy and water falls back to earth into rain, hail or snow.
• Collection - is the process when water falls back to earth
• Atmosphere - gaseous component above the surface of the earth, it is the mixture of gases.
• Gases:

  • Nitrogen (78%) - most abundant gas on earth
  • Oxygen (21%)
• Layers of the earth:

  • Troposphere - lowest laver of the atmosphere , change of weather
  • Stratosphere - Ozone layer, uv rays protection
  • Mesosphere - coldest layer, meteor burns up
  • Thermosphere - auroras, hottest layer
  • Exosphere - Where the space shuttle flies
• Weather - average condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time
• Types of weather:

  • sunny
  • rainy
  • cloudy
  • Windy
• Global warming - The increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect.
• We don't experience snowy because were in a tropical island
• Climate - weather condition over a long period of time
• Types of climate:

  • wet season
  • dry season
• Air temperature - degree of heat, thermometer to measure
• Air pressure - how much air pressing to the earth's surface, barometer to measure
• Humidity - amount of water vapor in the air, hygrometer to measure
• Precipitation - condensed water falls back to earth
• Types of precipitation:

  • drizzle - rain of very fine drops
  • snow - ice crystal fails to melt
  • Hail - pellets made of ice
  • Sleet - frozen rain
• Wind - Horizontal movement of the air
• types of wind:

  • Breeze - wind that occurs near bodies of water
  • Monsoons - wind that may blow by season
  • Clouds - visible aggregates of tiny water droplets in the air
• Types of monsoons:

  • South West monsoon - summer (Hanging habagat)
  • North East monsoon - winter (hanging amihan)
• Types of clouds:

  • Stratus - sign of fair weather, going to be hot
  • Cumulus - cotton line, if white cloud means sunny and if gray rainy
  • Cirrus - Horse tail like, gonna be windy
  • Nimbus - rain cloud
• 4 types of seasons:

  • summer
  • winter
  • Spring / vernal
  • fall/autumn
• every 3 months the seasons change because of the rotation of the earth
• Winter solstice - north hemisphere is tilted away from the sun
• vernal or spring equinox - the rays of the sun hit the tropic of cancer to the equator