Chapter 2 McShane

• Personality


  The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics

  
• Personality traits


  • Broad concepts that allow us to label and understand individual differences
  • Predict many behaviors and outcomes in adulthood, including educational attainment, employment success, marital relationships, illegal activities, and health-risk behaviors

  
• Nature


  Genetic or hereditary origins - the genes that we inherit from our parents
• Nurture


  Socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment
• Big Five personality factors (CANOE)

  • Conscientiousness
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
  • Openness to experience
  • Extraversion
• Conscientiousness


  • Organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious
• Agreeableness


  • Trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible
• Neuroticism


  • Anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental
• Openness to experience


  • Imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive
• Extraversion


  • Outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable, and assertive
• Introversion


  Quiet, cautious, and less interactive with others
• Conscientiousness


  Best overall predictor of proficient task performance
• Extraversion


  Second best overall predictor of proficient task performance
• Agreeableness


  Positively associated with most forms of organizational citizenship and negatively associated with counterproductive work behaviors
• Openness to experience does not predict proficient or proactive task performance very well
• Machiavellianism


  A personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in misleading, outwitting, and otherwise controlling others, and who have a cynical disregard for moral principles
• Narcissism


  A personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engage in attention-seeking behaviors, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement
• Psychopathy


  A personality trait of people who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety, use superficial charm, yet are social predators who engage in antisocial, impulsive, and often fraudulent thrill-seeking behavior
• Dark Triad


  A cluster of three socially undesirable (dark) personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
• The Dark Triad traits produce numerous dysfunctional outcomes in organizational settings, including dishonesty, malevolent undermining of others, organizational politics, and counterproductive work behaviors
• The Dark Triad traits are more strongly associated with serious white-collar crimes than with counterproductive work behaviors
• The Dark Triad traits are associated with bullying and other forms of workplace aggression, especially when employees have psychopathic managers
• The Dark Triad traits are associated with poor investment decisions due to overconfidence and disregard for consequences
• The Dark Triad traits are dysfunctional for long-term team performance, but can sometimes help employees gain power and influence in the short-term
• Some components of the Dark Triad, like "fearless dominance" in psychopathy, are associated with career success, but experts debate whether these should be considered part of the Dark Triad
• Narcissistic CEOs


  Tend to have higher direct pay as well as a higher gap in pay from other members of the executive team
• Fearless dominance


  A component of psychopathy that is a predictor of career success, found in some successful U.S. presidents
• Several experts doubt that fearless dominance should be separated from other aspects of psychopathy, which are negatively associated with career success
• Some experts argue that fearless dominance doesn't belong in the dark triad at all
• Machiavellianism

  A personality trait characteristic of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)


  An instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information

  
• Jungian personality theory


  • Personality is mainly represented by the individual's preferences regarding perceiving and judging information
  • Perceiving function occurs through sensing (S) and intuition (N)
  • Judging function consists of thinking (T) and feeling (F)
  • Also measures extraversion-introversion

  
• MBTI extends Jung's list of personality traits by also measuring perceiving and judging, which represent a person's attitude toward the external world

  
• Perceiving orientation


  Open, curious, and flexible. Prefer to keep options open and adapt spontaneously to events
• Judging orientation


  Prefer order and structure and want to resolve problems quickly
• MBTI is usually a poor predictor of job performance and is generally not recommended for employment selection or promotion decisions
• MBTI has questionable value in predicting leadership effectiveness
• MBTI is the most widely studied measure of cognitive style in management research and is the most popular personality assessment for career counseling and executive coaching
• MBTI is being used by artificial intelligence engineers to adapt the behavior of robots to user preferences
• MBTI takes a neutral or balanced approach by recognizing both the strengths and limitations of each personality type in different situations