Reading and Writing

• Discourse


  Refers to any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence
• Discourse


  Cannot be defined to sentential boundaries
• Discourse

  Coherent succession of sentences, spoken or written
• Discourse

  One of the (4) systems of language
• 4 Systems of language

  Vocabulary, Grammar, Phonology, and Discourse
• Discourse

  Extended language, written or spoken, that has unity, meaning, and purpose
• The Forms of Discourse

  Narration, Description, Exposition, and Argumentation
• Narration 


  Description of an event, which occurs in chronological order
• Difference of Narration and Description

  (1) It uses the pronouns like "I" and "me";

  (2) It includes an action;

  (3) Follows a chronological order
• Setting

  Answers the questions When and Where
• Character

  Answers Who
• Actions 


  Answers What, Why, and How
• Simple


  Narrative of events which really happen
• Plotted


  Fictional, results of the author's invention of ingenuity
• Description


  Fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars in the story
• Description


  It can go hand in hand with narration and makes the events in the story more vivid
• Spatial


  Subject occupies space
• Vertical

  Subejcts that are taller than they are wide
• Horizontal

  The direction of movement is a matter of choice
• Circular

  Horizontal pattern that is not in straight line
• Affective

  Effect of a person, place, or thing has on the writer; It uses description to convey feelings
• Temporal


  Refers to narration
• Patterns of Description


  Spatial, Vertical, Horizontal, Circular, and Temporal
• Kinds of Description

  Informative and Artistitc
• Informative 


  Scientific and Technical
• Informative


  Appeals to the intellect, sensory, and details of a person; a place or an object for the purpose of identification
• Artistic 


  Suggestive/ Evocative or Literary
• Artistic

  Gives pleasure and stimulation
• Exposition 


  Aims to inform the readers
• Exposition

  Author cannot assume that the reader has prior knowledge of the topic
• Difference of Exposition and Argumentation

  Exposition - givers reader a balance amount of the subject and uses a neutral and objective tone

  Argumentation - convinces the reader and suggests wider implication
• Patterns of Exposition 


  Circumlocution, Narrative Interspersion, Recursion, Description, Sequence, Comparison, Cause & Effect, and Problem & Solution
• Circumlocution 


  Diverts to discuss a related but different topic
• Narrative Interspersion


  The act of combining one thing at intervals among other things
• Recursion 


  Speaker discusses topic, and then restates it using different words or symbolism; give special emphasis to the text
• Description

  Topic is described by listing characteristics, features, and examples
• Sequence

  Event is described by listing numerical or chronological order
• Comparison

  Compare and Contrast
• Cause and Effect

  Event and Result
• Problem and Solution


  Event and Solution; question-and-answer format