Migration- Industrial period

• When and what was the reform act?

  1832- gave vote to more men who owned property
• What happened in 1867?

  more working class men were given the vote
• When and what was the Catholic emancipation act?

  1829- gave catholics the same civil rights as protestants
• When was the slave trade abolished?

  1807
• How did the urban population change from 1700-1900?

  increased from 5 million to 32.5 million
• what opened in 1830?

  a railway between Liverpool an Manchester- cheaper to transport goods
• How did steam power help trade?

  it connected British ports to the rest of the world, goods could be transported in large quantities and this encouraged economic growth.
• How did the industry change?

  goods produced in factories

  there became a high demand for British manufactured goods

  Urbanization- large industrial towns such as Birmingham and Manchester (easier to settle)

  new docks built in London, Liverpool an Cardiff
• How did the empire expand?

  Britain owned 1/5 of land and 1/4 of population

  empire became source for goods and raw materials

  1783- American colonies became independent.

  1858- Britain take over the EIC

  1885- Britain gained land in Africa- Sudan, Egypt

  sugar from plantations made merchants rich
• Why did the Irish migrate?

  most land was owned by protestants and they charged Catholics high rents for poor housing leading to anger.

  1815- collapse in agricultural prices and rise in population
• When was the Irish potato famine?

  1845 and again in 1846

  1 million starved to death and 2 million migrated to Britain
• Why did Jews migrate?

  restriction on jews were lifted and anti Semitism lightened

  between 1880-1900- 100,000 jews arrived

  they wanted to help the community
• what was the conditions of Jews

  desperately poor, spoke Yidish, feeling persecution in the Roman empire
• Why did Africans migrate?

  forced migration due to slave trade

  3.1 million-Africans transported in brutal and harsh conditions.
• Why did Indians migrate?

  Indian students attended Uni

  Indian princes migrated into Britain as they were forced out of India
• Why did Germans migrate?

  avoid warfare between German states, Britain's economic strength and freedom attracted skilled workers.

  greater freedom for activists and political thinkers

  In 1861- 26,644 Germans and this rose to 53,324 in 1911
• Why did Italians migrate?

  avoid warfare between Italian states

  severe outbreak of typhus and cholera

  changes in agriculture left many in poverty.
• what issues were there with housing?

  overcrowding, diseases, poverty, no system to get rid of rubbish, outside toilets (60 people), poor drainage systems.
• What was the experience of the Irish?

  few skills, took on hard laboring work, worked as navies, dug out canals, many killed and injured, lots joined the army (55,000)
• why did the Irish face prejudice?

  took low wages, they were catholic, poor and accused of being part of a nationalist group (fenians)
• experiences of Jews

  settled in the East end, lived in cramped housing- 14 people per house.

  By 1914, 2/3 of Jews worked in clothing, shoemaking or furniture.

  many worked in sweatshops- long hours, terrible conditions, little money
• why did Jews face hostility?

  did not speak English, only employed Jews, could work on Sundays, took low wages making trade unions angry who worked for equal pay.
• experiences of Africans?

  18,000 Africans by mid 18th century

  Fought for the British in the American War of Independence

  Committee for the relief of the black poor- provided food and clothes to black beggars until they found work- played a part in abolition movement.
• experiences of Asians

  1869- Suez canal formed, made journey between India and Britain easier.
• Treatment of Indians

  many Ayahs became destitute, 60 Ayahs in lodging houses

  London City Mission- tried to help Ayahs but wanted to convert them into Christians

  many Lascars found work in ports, others were begging and stealing
• experiences of Germans

  engineers set up successful businesses

  Ludwig Mond - leading alkali manufacturer

  John Merz -electrical engineer

  Hundreds of Germans set up smaller businesses in towns.
• Experiences of Italians

  many worked as street musicians

  some did hard, manual work, laboring on roads

  making tiles, ceramics

  making ice cream- run ice cream parlors in major cities

  set up schools, hospitals, newspapers and shops.
• How did migrants impact the abolitionist movement

  1787- society for the Abolition of the slave trade- aimed to educate people about the horrors of the slave trade.

  Olaudah Equiano- gave public talks about their experiences and condemned the slave trade.

  Ottobah Cugano- part of abolitionist group, published books

  Ignatius Sancho- able to vote in the general elections
• How did migrants influence Chartism- national movement that wanted working class representation in parliament.

  Feargus O connor- founded radical Newspaper, The Northern star.

  William Cuffay- supported militant action and became Chairman of London Chartists.

  Karl Marx- wrote communist manifesto
• How did Irish and Italian navvies benefit England?

  allowed raw materials and goods to easily move around country

  helped industrial towns grow quicker- easier to settle

  fish could be transported- improving diets
• What did Paul Reuter do?

  created a telegraph system between Aachen and Brussels so he could get news quickly and sell it on newspapers.

  in 1851, he set up Reuters News Agency - was the first to report accurately on stories of International Importance
• How did Italians make Ice cream available?

  before the 19th century, ice cream was hard to make. Italians made ice cream a successful and popular street foot. 1900s, Most towns and cities had as least an ice cream parlour. Glasgow had 300
• How did Liverpool develop by slave trade?

  1900- 7 miles of docks

  sailing ships replaced by steam.

  2.8 million tons of goods --> 10.5 million tons

  1905- second most profitable port in the world.

  1860s- 600,000 people employed in cotton industry
• Why did Migrants settle in Liverpool?

  Job opportunities, impact of famine, easy to migrate to America for jobs and land.

  1851- 160,000 people migrated from Liverpool to America.
• Prejudice faced by Irish in Liverpool.

  'No Irish' signs

  poor paid labour jobs- long hours, low pay, 80% of Irish men were labourers.

  crime and spread of typhus and disease blamed on Irish.
• Experiences of Indians in Liverpool.

  paid less than white sailors.

  10,000-12,000 arrived each year.

  1890- a mosque for Muslim Indians opened in Liverpool
• Experiences of Chinese and African sailors in Liverpool.

  Chinese sailors traded silk, tea and cotton from Hong Kong, built shops and cafes.

  African sailors recruited to work in ships boiler rooms- low wages and hard conditions.
• Conditions of Whitechapel.


  no sanitation, dark alleys, filthy courts, extreme poverty, cold, daamp, overcrowded buildings
• experiences of Jews in Whitechapel.

  Tension as there was already a struggle for jobs, people believed Jews were taking jobs, sweat shops couldn't be stopped as police could not speak Yiddish.

  1888- 5 women murdered- police blamed Jewish person- Jack the Ripper.

  Police arrested 2 Jewish butchers even though they had strong alibis.