Economy

• What type of trade change?

  Internal trade became more important than external trade.

  Coal was now the most developed industr.
• What route of coal had the biggest growth?

  The Tyne to the Thames was the biggest growth in internal trade.
• Where was there growing demand and why?

  London due to industrialisation.
• What was suggested became more affordable and why?

  Luxury goods as there was a wide-range imported.
• Why was Cecil keen for England to find new markets?

  The cloth trade had been in decline since the early 1550's, particularly in Antwerp.
• Where did England open up new trade?

  The German port of Emden.
• What was the main trade center?

  Guinea in Africa which Hawkins used to expand into the Americas.
• Who began the English slave trade?

  Hawkins
• When was Hawkins first expedition?

  1562
• When was Hawkins second expedition? And who did he have the backing of?

  1564

  Wealthy courtiers like Robert Dudley
• What happened during Hawkins 3rd expedition?

  Hawkins fleet was blockaded by the Spanish in the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulua. Very limited gold made its way back. Only 2 of his ships survived.
• what was attempted to expand trade ?

  Different companies were set up to expand trade in various markets.
• What was one of the companies that was set up in 1555?

  The Muscovy Company was set up to trade with Russia and Northern Europe.

  This failed as it was not able to compete with the Dutch.
• What was the second company set up in 1600?

  The East India Company was set up to trade with Asia.

  In the short term a lack of investment found it difficult to compete .

  In the long term it grew to be one of the most successful and powerful companies ever. (Well after Elizabeth died)
• Who suggested England should start to colonize Northern America?

  Humphrey Gilbert
• Who made the suggestion of colonizing Northern America a reality?

  Walter Raleigh in 1585 after receiving backing from Walsingham and the Queen.
• Why did the colonization of Northern America a failure?

  Poor organization and Elizabeth's reluctance to prioritize colonization when the war with Spain started.
• What happened due to the cloth trade?

  Due to the decline as a market, what was left of it moved to more rural areas instead of urban cities like Stamford and Winchester.
• What made towns successful?

  Tended to have low regulations or a range of different manufacturing industries.

  Towns like York and Norwich prospered.
• When were the bad harvests?

  1594-97 saw consecutive bad harvests.
• How many harvests were considered bad?

  9/44
• What did bad harvests mean?

  A fall in real wages.
• How bad had real wages fallen?

  Collapsed to less than half than what they had been 9 years previously.
• What were the wealthiest parts of the country?

  South East, Norfolk and Suffolk.
• What were the poorest areas of the country?

  The north and the West Midlands.