BIOMOLECULE(2)

• Biomolecules

  Large molecules important to living organisms
• Monomers


  Smaller molecule subunits that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form polymers
• Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acid
  • Protein
  • Enzymes
• Carbohydrates


  • Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in ratio (1:2:1)
  • Main source of energy for living organisms
• Biomolecules - large molecules impoertant to living organism
• most macromolecules are built y joining smaller molecule subunits called monomers
• Monomer - a molecule that can b e bonded to other identicalc molecule to form polymer
• Carbohydrates - made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually ratio (1:2:1) main source of energy for living organisms
• monosaccharide - single sugar molecule or simple sugar they server as major fuel for cells and as raw materials for building molecules
• Monossacharide - MONOMER of carbohydrates
• Disaccharide - monossacharide are converted into disaccharides in the cell by condensation reaction.
• Condensation - reaction is a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule
• DISACCHARIDE

  Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)

  Glucose + galactose = lactose (milk)

  Glucose + glucose = maltose (beer)
• Polysaccharide - a polysaccharide is formed when a monosaccharide undergo a sseries of condensation
• these are broken down by hydrolysis into monosaccharides when energy is needed
• Glycogen or animal starch - animals excess sugar are stored as glycogen
• Glycogen stored in the liver supplies the energy for muscle contractioncontraction and movement
• plant starch - plants stored sugar
• cellulose - fibers found in plant for strength and rigidity
• Lipids - non-polar molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol
• Not soluble on water because they are hydrophobic (lipids are not attracted to water)
• Lipids - source of energy parts of cell structure and membranes waterproof covering
• Fats - triglyceride composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerolgot saturated fat and unsaturated fat.
• Saturated fat - a fat in which all fatty acids has a single bond solid at room temperature contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
• SOURCES OF SATURATED FAT - animal and animal products and processed food
• UNSATURATED FAT - contains 1 double bond liquid at room temperature Polyunsaturated - contains 1 more than 1 double bond
• PHOSPOLIPIDS - consist of glycerol and a phosphate group (PO4) that are parts of the polar head and2 fatty acids that are part of non polar trail
• PHOSPOLIPIDS - are found in the cell membrane
• CHOLESTEROL - a lipid that has a ring structure. Part of the cell membrane use by the body to make steroids
• Steroids - serves as chemical messengers. Send signals to stimulate a biochemical reaction

  • Regulate the body response, control sexual
  • Testosterone and estrogen, control sexual development and the reproductive system
• Nucleic acid - contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous building blocks or monomers are called nucleotides
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts - 5 carbon sugar, phostpate group and nitrogenous base
• nucleic acid - store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

  2 kinds of Nucleic acid

  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

  RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Pyrimidines - 6 member ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms cytosine, thymine, and uracil
• Purines - larger with 6 member ring fused to a 5 member ring adenine and guanine
• PROTEINS - a polymer made from the monomers called amino acids and amino acid contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Organism use 20 amino acids to build proteins
• human can make12 amino acids in the body
• the other proteins comes from food you eat like meat beans and nuts
• Proteins - amino acids are bonded through peptide bonds to form proteins