Biopsychosocial

• How is human behaviour is affected by sensory deficits?

  Lower self-esteem/confidence

  Social withdrawal due to reduces access to services

  Fewer educational/job opportunities

  Increased risk of anxiety/depression

  Reduced independence
• What are some lifestyle modifications required for those with a visual impairment?

  Braille labelling

  Non-slip flooring, non-skid rugs

  Talking devices - can recognise colours & special labels on items

  Service dogs

  Mobility canes
• How can stigma & discrimination affect diagnosis & treatment?

  Barrier for socially disadvantaged

  More reluctant to seek treatment

  Harmful to mental health & self-esteem

  Embarrassment & distress
• What is the impact of stigma on the visually impaired?

  Feel unable to accept their own disability (e.g. using white cane)

  Being stigmatised reduces sense of control -> affects confidence & may result in self-stigmatisation

  Feel defined by their impairment & embarrassed by it -> inclined to hide it or isolate themselves
• What is the stigma around being visually impaired?

  Believe that visually impaired individuals have no independence/cannot work

  Ignorance to needs

  Perceived as weak, fearful, nervous, lonely, withdrawn, insecure, unhappy
• How can stigma be manifested?

  Lack of help

  Avoidance

  Threat

  Instutional segregation
• Who can give a visual impairment certificate?

  Can only be given by an ophthalmologist
• What happens after a visual impairment certificate is given?

  Social services contact person

  Carry out 'needs assessment' to work out how person can remain independent