GEN CHEM 2 (LAST)

• Organic Reactions

  Chemical reactions involving organic compounds
• Substitution - REPLACEMENT of one kind of atom or group with another atom or group. (only happens with alkANEs- SINGLE BONDS)
• Answer: Substitution

  A) Bromobutane

  B) Hydrogen bromide

  C) C4H9Br +HBr

  D) Bromobutane

  
• Addition - adding one or more group at a DOUBLE or TRIPLE bond. (only happens with alkENEs &alkYNEs - double/triple bonds)
• In Adding, when double bond is broken it becomes a single bond.
• ADDITION

  alkene + halogen = Alkyl Halide

  The double bond is broken, and the halogen adds at either side of where the double bond was.
• Fermentation - is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.
• FERMENTATION

  A) Glucose

  B) ethanol

  C) Carbon Dioxide

  
• Esterification - process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water; or a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of at least one ester product.
• Process of Esterification:

  Reactant - COOH + OH

  Product - COO + H2O

  A) Organic Acid

  B) Alcohol

  C) Este

  D) Ester

  E) Water

  
• ESTERIFICATION PROCESS:

  These are slow reversible reactions and similar to neutralization rxn in inorganic.

  Acid + base = salt + water
• Saponification – is the hydrolysis of fats by bases. The breaking of an ester to produce an organic acid plus an alcohol.
• SAPONIFICATION PROCESS:

  Reactants- Fat + Water (glycerol ester + water)

  Product - Organic Acid + glycerol (soap + alcohol)

  A) glycerol ester

  B) fat

  C) water

  D) soap

  E) organic acid

  F) alcohol

  G) glycerol

  
• Reverse process of saponification?

  Esterification
• Reverse process of esterification?

  Saponification
• POLYMERS:

  Large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks.
• The word polymer comes from the Greek words for “many parts.” Each of those parts is scientists call a monomer (which in Greek means “one part”).
• Polymers- are composed of many repeating units of monomers
• 2 types of Polymers:

  • Natural polymers -starch (long chains of sugars), proteins (long chains of amino acids), cellulose (made of repeating units of sugar).
  • Synthetic (man made) polymers: - nylon, rayon & polyester.
• Polymerization- formation of polymers from monomers. Formation of larger molecules from smaller ones.
• 2 methods of Polymerization:

  Condensation

  Addition
• Condensation polymerization: bonding of monomers by dehydration synthesis. Monomers have at least two functional groups
• Addition polymerization: process of repeated addition of monomers that possess double or triple bonds to form polymers.
• Biological Macromolecules

  Large, organic molecules for energy, protection, balance, physiology, & instruction. Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acid & Proteins.

  Ingredients of life.
• Lipids or Fats:Energy, insulation, protection & homeostasis.

  • Composed of C, H, O

  • Insoluble in H2O
• • Classification of Lipids:

  1. Triglyceride
  2. Phospholipid
  3. Wax
  4. Steroid
• Lipids CAN be:

  Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. Solid at room temperature Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard) (UNHEALTHY)

  Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present.

  • Liquid at room temperature

  • Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)(HEALTHY)
• Roles of Lipids:

  An efficient way to store energy for longer periods. Fat-soluble vitamins associated with fats are effectively absorbed.
• Source of Lipids: Eggs, Avocado, Nuts and Olive Oil
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • The primary source of energy.

  • Composed of C, H, O

  • AKA Saccharide
• Classifications of CARBOHYDRATES or Saccharide

  1.Monosaccharide: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

  2. Disaccharide: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

  3. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
• NUCLEIC ACID

  • Expression of genetic info.

  • Found in the nucleus of cell.

  • Composed of C-H-O-N-P
• Classifications of Nucleic Acid:

  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): A-T: G-C

  Ribonucleic acid (RNA): A-U: G-C
• PROTEINS

  • Energy, Structure, hormones, enzymes and protection.

  • Composed of C-H-O-N-S
• Classification of PROTEINS

  1.Keratin - Hair & Nails

  2. Fibroin - Strongest fibers

  3. Collagen - Connective tissues

  4. Enzymes - Catalyst, Lipase, Pepsin, Sucrase
• Sources of Proteins: Eggs, Almonds, Chicken, Oats, Fish, Yogurt and Bean
• INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

  Are attractive forces between molecules.
• Types of IMFA:

  1.Ion-Ion

  2. Ion-Dipole

  3. H-Bond

  4. Dipole-Dipole

  5. Dipole-Induced Dipole

  6. London Dispersion
• Strongest IMFA: Ion-Ion

  Weakest IMFA: London Dispersion
• It is an IMFA between two ionic compounds?

  Ion-Ion Bond