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• Filipino social thinkers


  Filipino approaches in the Social Sciences
• Three dominant approaches in Social Sciences

  • Positivist
  • Interpretive Social Science
  • Critical Social Science
• Positivist


  • Believe that we need to find out and verify universal laws of human behavior and to understand how the world operates so that people can accomplish or foretell events (Discovering and documenting)
• Interpretive Social Science


  • Claims that people create and associate their own subjective meaning as they interact with the world around them
• Critical Social Science


  • It aims to uncover surface reality in order to expose underlying structures so that people way improve the society to which they belong
• Filipino Social Thinkers


  Educated Filipinos who emerged in the latter part of the 19th century and called for the implementation of immediate reforms to improve the lot of their fellow Filipinos
• Characteristics of Filipino Social Thinkers

  • Regarded as forefronts and visionaries for social advancements during their time
  • Provided significant contribution to the advancement of the discipline of the social sciences
  • Developed political and social philosophical thoughts
• Great thinkers of the Reform movement

  • Jose Rizal
  • Marcelo Del Pilar
  • Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Indio


  Term used by the Spaniards to denote the native Filipinos living in the archipelago
• Filipino/Insulares


  Term given to Spaniards born in the Philippines
• Peninsulares


  Spanish-born Spaniards
• Indio


  A poor native living in the archipelago, associated with being from the mountains, dark-skinned, poor, uneducated, and short
• Jose Rizal founded an organization in 1889 and suggested to his companions that they should take pride in calling their race as "Indios" instead of resenting the disparaging term
• Spanish Governor-general Basilio Augustin called the native "Filipinos" in 1898 to win back the Indios to support Spanish troops in their fight against the impending American onslaught
• Rise of Filipino Nationalism


  Brought about by the opening of the Philippines to world commerce through the Suez Canal, which increased knowledge of the world and the desire for freedom and improvement in their lives, leading to the emergence of the middle class or class media
• Execution of Three Martyred Priests

  • Mariano Gomez
  • Jacinto Zamora
  • Jose Burgos
• Aims of the Propaganda and Reform Movement

  • Radical changes in the governance of the colony, the Philippines
  • Advocated for reforms and assimilation or the application of Spanish laws and rights in the colony so that all residents would be equally treated as Spanish citizens
  • They also wanted representations in the Spanish parliament
  • Secularization of the clergy
  • Abolition of Polo y Servicios (Forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years for 40 day periods without payment)
• Ilustrados


  The Filipino educated class, the Enlightened ones, with education and wealth as the most important criteria to become part of this elite group
• Isabelo de los Reyes


  A prolific Filipino journalist and eventual politician, the father of Filipino socialism, a labor activist and a co-founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) or Aglipayan Church, made historical and ethnographical researches to establish Filipino identity, and published the book "El Folk-Lore Filipino" in 1889 containing stories on local folklores, legends, fables, and superstitions
• Works of Isabelo de los Reyes


  • Historia de Filipinas
  • Prehistoria de Filipinas
  • Historia de Iloco
  • Las Islas Visayas en la epoca de la conquista
• Pedro Paterno


  An intellectual who had great interest in early Filipinos and their culture, wrote the first Filipino collection of poems "Sampaguitas y Poesias" in 1880 and the first Filipino novel "Ninay" in 1885, and published several works describing the ancient civilization, customs, and beliefs of the Filipino people
• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda


  A writer, poet, teacher, ophthalmologist, novelist and sculptor, a genuine scholar and one of the greatest Filipino thinkers of all time, with numerous works reflecting his ideas on society, education, women, history, culture, language, colonialism, and revolution
• Spirit of early nationalism


  Against a backdrop of racism because of Paterno's narration on the uniqueness of Filipino culture and the dynamism of Philippine history with infusions of foreign civilizations
• Paterno


  Describe the initial phase of development of the Luzonic Island while trying to resemblance of this native civilization to the early cultures of Europeans nation
• Los Itas


  Paterno describe the customs of the Negritos where Tagalogs and the Visayans evolved
• El Cristianismo en la Antigua Civilization Tagalog


  Paterno explained that Christian Doctrine can already be seen in the ancient religion of the natives, called Bathalismo or the worship of Bathala as the Supreme Being. This is the reason, Paterno added, why the Spaniards were able to easily convert the natives to the Catholic religion because of the apparent parallelism between the two beliefs
• La Familia Tagalog en la Historia Universal


  It talks about Filipino customs and morality
• El Barangay


  Indigenous political system of the natives
• El Individuo Tagalog y su Arte en la Exposicion Historico Americana


  Talks about Tagalog notions of personhood, gender, art, and psychology
• JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA


  Was born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna. He was a writer, poet, teacher, ophthalmologist, novelist and sculptor. A genuine scholar and one of the greatest Filipino thinkers of all time and had numerous works reflected his ideas on society, education, women, history, culture, language, colonialism, and revolution
• jose rizal Pen name

  Laong Laan
• A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino youth)

  Rizal extolled the Filipino youth and their contribution to the society, especially that the hope of the nation lies in them
• El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods, 1880)


  Earned him top honors during his stint at university of Santo Tomas
• El Filibusterismo


  Reflect the ills of the society as the result of deteriorating colonial rule
• FRAILOCRACY


  The state of Philippines politics and society during the Spanish colonial rule wherein friars and monastic orders reigned supreme over most government affairs
• EREHE


  Bansag sa mga taong sumasalungat o hindi naniniwala sa mga patakarang pang katoliko
• FILBUSTERO


  Bansag sa mga taong sumasalungat sa utos ng pamahalaan
• Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The Philippines A century Hence1889)


  He predicted of an independent Philippines co-equal with Spain as well as the steady rise of the United State as a world power. According to the essay, independence may be obtained by the Filipinos but not after a bloody revolution
• Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos 1890)


  He defended the natives against the negative backlash of the Spaniard against Indio. Because natives are seen as lazy and backward by the colonial masters, Rizal reminded the readers that laziness is innate in all races
• To the Young Women of Malolos (Sa mga kababayang Dalaga sa Malolos 1888)


  Rizal praised the Filipino women of his time for their continuing effort to establish a night school for Spanish language despite the opposition of the friar-curate. Rizal emphasized that the primacy of education must also apply to women and that they should retain positive values as they teach their children