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• Seismicity is the tremor felt near areas of active volcanoes
• Seismicity is measured with the use of seismometer
• The study of ground deformation This is one of the traditional methods used by people living near volcanoes. People considered that changes in the surface of volcano
• Monitor gases that come out of fumaroles The most noticeable sign of impending volcanic eruption is the emission of gases from its fumaroles
• Observing the visible changes to fumarole areas According to volcanologists, a volcano which has the potential erupt is observed to have changes in the size of smoke or magma volatiles in the atmosphere
• Satellite based monitoring This is done through obtaining thermal images of volcanic areas
• Landslide refer to the untoward movement of slope.
• block slide

  is a translational slide in which the moving mass consists of a single unit or a few closely related units that move downslope as a relatively coherent mass
• Rotational slide This is a slide in which the surface of rupture is curved concavely upward
• Translational slide In this type of slide, the landslide mass moves along a roughly planar surface with little rotation or backward tilting
• debris flow is a form of rapid mass movement in which a combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry that flows downslope.
• Falls

  are abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials, such as rocks and boulders that become detached from steep slopes or cliffs
• Toppling failures

  are distinguished by the forward rotation of a unit or units about some pivotal point, below or low in the unit, under the actions of gravity and forces exerted by adjacent units or by fluids in cracks
• Debris avalanche This is a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow
• Earthflows

  have a characteristic "hourglass" shape.
• Creep is the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock.
• Lateral spreads

  are distinctive because they usually occur on very gentle slopes or flat terrain.
• Blue holes —from the deep color of underwater sinkhole in the Bahamas
• Black holes —a term used to describe the sinkhole in Bahamas
• Cenotes —the sinkholes found in the Yucatan Peninsula, Belize and some other regions
• Tiankengs —refers to huge sinkholes
• Tomo – in New Zealand, this is a term used to describe pot holes.
• The word “typhoon: came from the word “tai Feng’ which means “Great or Big Wind.”
• “hurricane” is the name given to these storms in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific
• “Tropical Cyclones” is the name given by countries near the Indian Ocean.
• Flash flood -also known as rapid flooding
• It is a kind of coastal flooding which is associated with typhoon

  Storm Surge
• The water level in the sea during a storm is called storm tide.
• La Nińa incidents is associated by the changes of weather patterns due to the cooling of water temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
• El Nińo is a natural phenomenon which is characterized by the weakening of trade winds which may be blowing in the opposite direction from normal.
• El Nińo is a natural phenomenon which is characterized by the weakening of trade winds which may be blowing in the opposite direction from normal.