pcog 3,4

• Moisture content


  The amount of water found in materials that affects its overall weight
• Moisture content


  • Crucial for quality control in manufacturing and laboratory facilities
• Crude extraction methods


  • Solvent extraction
  • Distillation
  • Pressing
  • Sublimation
• Solvent extraction


  Most widely used method
• Plant sample

  • Black ficus or weeping fig
  • Part: leaves
  • SN: Ficus benjamina
  • Fam: Moraceae
  • Medicinal use: diabetes, liver problems, diarrhea, inflammation, hemorrhoids, respiratory, and urinary ailments
• Moisture


  Water in the adsorbed or absorbed phase
• The amount of water found in materials affects its overall weight
• Importance of moisture content


  • Ensure that a product is in its best quality, safe to use, and has a longer duration of shelf-life for its effectivity and use
• Primary methods of moisture content analysis

  • Loss on drying moisture meter method
  • Karl Fischer moisture meter method
• Loss on drying moisture meter method


  • Primary method used
  • Weigh→ Dry→ Weigh again
• Karl Fischer moisture meter method

  • Use chemical process
  • Involvement of reagents
• Secondary methods of moisture content analysis

  • Near-infrared moisture meter method
  • Microwave moisture meter
  • Nuclear
  • Electric
• Near-infrared moisture meter method

  • Uses principles of reflectance and absorbance
  • Transmits light through sample
  • ↑light absorption= ↑moisture content
• Microwave moisture meter


  • Variations in dielectric constant between solids and water
  • Emits microwave radiation
  • Measure changes in signal attenuation and phase shift
• Nuclear


  • Measures energy absorption
  • Gamma= sample density
  • Beta= detects moisture
• Electric


  • Depends on dielectric principle
  • Measures polarization or electric dipole moment /volume
  • Inversely correlates with capacitance
  • Solid materials dielectric constant is between 2 and 4
• Moisture can affect material's quality and stability, leading to chemical instability and unwanted quality
• Plant sample

  • Guava
  • Part: leaves
  • SN: Psidium guajava
  • Fam: myrtaceae
  • Medicinal use: stomach and intestinal conditions, pain, diabetes, wound healing
• Physical test

  • Color: dark green
  • Odor: musky
  • Taste: sour with hints of citrus or mint
  • Appearance: oval in shape, round pointed tips, rough, waxy or glossy
• Solubility

  • Water: sol
  • Ether: insol
  • Ethyl OH: sol
  • Hexane: insol
• Chemical test

  • FeCH3: Hydrolysable: Blackish-blue(gallic), Condensed: brownish green(catechol)
  • 10%gelatin: white buff colored ppt
  • Bromine: hydrolysable: no ppt, condensed: buff-colored ppt
  • No observed ppt indicates process of hydrolysis
• Tannins


  • A type of organic compound found in numerous plant tissues
  • Tannic acid: a group of phenolic chemical families
  • have an astringent property or taste which are frequently observed every time-consuming certain food and beverages

  
• Tannins are not classified as glycosides

  
• Tannins


  • Polyphenols plays a significant role in promoting health reducing the risk of various diseases through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and for neurodegenerative disorders
  • Tannins in plants serve as a versatile defense mechanism, deterring herbivores through bitterness and toxicity, protecting against microbial infections, and even providing UV protection
  • Tannins play a role in regulating plant growth and responses to environmental stressors