BIOCHEM LAB

• PROKARYOTE = These are unicellular organisms that do not develop or differentiate into multicellular forms.
• PROKARYOTE = They are identical and capable of independent existence. 
• PROKARYOTE = They lack a nucleus and membranous organelles. 
• PROKARYOTE = BACTERIA & ARCHAEA
• EUKARYOTE = These cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound compartments, called organelles, in which specific metabolic activities take place.
• EUKARYOTE = fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms.
• MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL

  • CELL MEMBRANE
  • CYTOPLASM
  • NUCLEUS
• CELL MEMBRANE

  • called PLASMA MEMBRANE or PLASMALEMMA
  • semi-permeable membrane / selectively permeable membrane
  • All membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins (hydrophilic polar head & hydrophobic non polar tail)
• CYTOPLASM

  • JELLY-LIKE MATRIX that surrounds the nucleus and is bounded bythe cell membrane
  • Contains dissolved nutrients, helps break down waste products, and moves material around the cell
  • living substance of the cell
• CYTOSOL

  • FLUID PORTION of the cell's cytoplasm
  • contains water, free proteins, and other substances
  • a major part of cellular METABOLISM takes place
  • contains CYTOSKELETON
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM = intracellular transport
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  • AGRANULAR - no ribosomes
  • synthesize phospholipids and cholesterol
  • transport fatty acids & other lipids
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  • GRANULAR - with ribosomes
  • received proteins ; helps with synthesis of proteins
  • more extensive that SER
• MITOCHONDRION

  • motile - moving
  • POWERHOUSE of the cell
  • provides cell energy
  • ATP generation in the matrix
  • undergo self replication - similar to bacteria cell
  • contains DNA
• GOLGI COMPLEX / GOLGI APPARATUS

  • stacked, flattened membranes
  • TRANSPORTS substances into and out of the cell
  • modifies ; PACKAGES and transports proteins
  • produces LYSOSOMES
• LYSOSOMES

  • simple TINY SPHERICAL-SAC like structures
  • Surrounded by a single membrane
  • contains powerful enzymes capable of digesting or breaking down all organic materials.
  • known as SUICIDAL BAGS
• PEROXISOME

  • breaks down hydrogen peroxide - > water and oxygen
  • detoxify alcohol & other compounds
  • formed by BUDDING OFF the E.R
• NUCLEUS

  • rounded structure at the center of the cell
  • controls METABOLIC activities
  • largest structure
  • contains DNA
• 1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
  2. RECOGNITION
  3. COMMUNICATOR
  4. TRANSPORT

  
• PHOSPHATE HEAD

  • POLAR
  • HYDROPHILIC
• FATTY ACID TAIL

  • NON-POLAR
  • HYDROPHOBIC
  • SATURATED FA
  • UNSATURATED FA
• CELL MEMBRANE: PROTEINS

  • TRANSMEMBRANE
  • INTEGRAL
  • PERIPHERAL
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT

  • requires energy
  • goes AGAINST the concentration gradient
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT

  • does not require energy
  • goes WITH the concentration gradient
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT = SIMPLE DIFFUSION

  
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT = FACILITATED DIFFUSION

  
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT

  
• SIMPLE DIFFUSION

  • high concentration to low concentration
  • no energy required
• MOLECULES DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES

  • OXYGEN - non-polar ; diffuse immediately
  • CARBON DIOXIDE - polar ; small to diffuse quickly
  • WATER - polar ; small to diffuse quickly
• OSMOSIS

  • diffusion of water across membrane
  • HIGH WATER to LOW WATER concentration

  
• DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE

  • HIGH WATER > LOW WATER concentration
  • LOW SOLUTE > HIGH SOLUTE concentration
• CELLS IN SOLUTION

  • ISOTONIC - same concentration
  • HYPOTONIC - swell ; lower concentration outside
  • HYPERTONIC - shrink ; higher concentration outside
• FACILITATED DIFFUSION

  • does not require energy
  • transport proteins HIGH > LOW concentration
  • molecules will randomly move thru the pores in Channel proteins
• TRANSPORT PROTEIN = CHANNEL PROTEIN

  • embedded in the cell membrane
  • have a pore for materials to cross

  
• TRANSPORT PROTEIN = CARRIER PROTEIN

  • can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other

  
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT

  • requires energy ; ATP
  • LOW > HIGH concentration
  • AGAINST concentration gradient
  • sodium-potassium pump

  
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT = EXOCYTOSIS

  • move out of the cell by vesicles that fuse the withthe plasma membrane
  • how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with each other.

  
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT = ENDOCYTOSIS

  • move into the cell by 1/3 forms of endocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • phagocytosis