vaccination and drugs

• describe function of vaccination

  prevent illness and spread of pathogen by immunising large proportion of population
• describe process of vaccination

  1. weak or inactive form of pathogen injected
  2. stimulate immune response
  3. white blood cells produce antibodies specific pathogen antigen
  4. develop immunity
• give advantages of vaccination

  protection from disease, control spread of disease and prevent epidemics - through herd immunity
• describe herd immunity

  large proportion of population vaccinated prevents spread of disease through individuals
• give disadvantages of vaccination

  not always effective and bad reactions
• give types of drugs

  painkillers and antibiotics
• describe painkillers

  relieve symptoms of disease
• give examples of painkillers

  paracetamol and aspirin
• describe antibiotics

  cure bacterial disease by killing bacteria inside body
• give examples of antibiotics

  penicillin
• give origin of aspirin

  willow tree
• give origin of digitalis

  foxgloves
• give origin of penicillin

  penicillium mould
• describe process of drug development

  1. pre clinical trials
  2. clinical trials
  3. peer reviewed
• give tests for drug development

  efficacy - how well drug produces desired effect

  toxicity - how harmful drug side effects are

  dosage - how much concentration and frequency of drug is given
• describe pre clinical trials

  1. human cells and tissues
  2. live animals - efficacy and toxicity
• describe clinical trials

  1. healthy volunteers - start at low dosage and find max dosage
  2. infected individuals - optimum dosage
• describe conditions of clinical trials

  placebo - substance with no effect

  double blind - doctor or patient unaware of placebo distribution