Occurs ONLY in plants. The plant makes glucose from light, carbon dioxide and water
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
How is energy stored in plants?
In the glucose until plants release it by respiration
What is a metabolic pathway?

A series of reactions that are catalyzed by different enzymes and result in one or more products - photosynthesis
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration with oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen
What is respiration?
The release of energy from glucose
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What does anaerobic respiration produce in plants and yeast?
Ethanol, carbon dioxide and releases energy
What does anaerobic respiration produce in humans?
Lactate and releases energy
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - immediate source of energy in a cell
In respiration, the energy released from glucose is used to make.....
ATP
Describe the structure of ATP
Adenine base, combined with ribose sugar and three phosphate groups
how is ATP synthesized?
Via a condensation reaction between ADP (adenosine diohosphate) + P ( inorganic phosphate) using energy from an energy releasing reaction eg the breakdown of glucose in respiration
Where is energy stored in ATP?
In the phosphate bond
What enzyme catalyses the synthesis of atp?
ATP synthase
What is phosphorylation?
Addition of a phosphate group
How does ATP release energy in a cell?
Diffuses to part of cell that needs energy, here it is broken down back into ADP+P by hydrolysis- chemical energy is then released from the phosphate bond that was broken
What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of ATP
ATP hydrolase
6 ATP properties that make it so useful

1. Stores or releases only small manageable amount
2. Small soluble so easily transported
3. Easily broken down
4. Quickly remade
5. Can make other molecules more reactive by transferring phosphate group
6. Can't pass out of cell
What is the compensation point for light intensity?
When there is a particular level of light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration
How do you work out the compensation point in plants?
Measure the rate at which oxygen is used at different light intensities - photosynthesis produces oxygen and respiration uses it so the compensation point is the light intensity at which oxygen is being used as quickly as it's produced
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are small flattened organelles surrounded by a double membrane. ..........1........... are stacked into structures called ................. which are linked tighter by bits of .........1...... membrane called .................
Thylakoids
Grana
Lamellae
What are photosynthetic pigments?
Coloured substances that absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis
Photosynthetic pigments are found in the ................. ..................... and they're attached to ................... . This is called a .........................
Thylakoid membrane
Proteins
Photosystem
What are the two photoSystems?
Photosystem1 - absorbs light best at wavelength of 700nm
Photosystem 2 - absorbs light best at 680nm
Describe stroma
Gel like substance contained within the inner membrane of a chloroplast and surrounding the thylakoids , contains enzymes, sugars and organic acids
Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis and not used straight away are stored as............
Starch grains in the stroma
What are redox reactions?
Oxidation-reduction reactions. Electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
If something is reduced It has .................. electrons and may have gained hydrogen or lost ................
Gained
Oxygen
If something is oxidised it has .............. electrons and may have lost hydrogen or .............. oxygen
Lost
Gained
Oxidation on one molecule always involves ................. of another molecule
Reduction
What is a coenzyme?
AIDS the function of an enzyme- work by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another
What is NADP and what does it do?
A coenzyme used in photosynthesis - transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another ( it can reduce or oxidise a molecule)
What are the 2 stages that make up photosynthesis?
The light dependent reaction
The light independent reaction ( the Calvin cycle)
the light dependent reaction needs ............... it takes place in the ................ .............. of the chloroplasts. Light energy is absorbed by ..................... in the photoSystems. The light energy excites the ................... in the chlorophyll giving them more energy which eventually causes them to be ............... from the chlorophyll molecule. This process is called ............................
Light
Thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll
Electrons
Released
Photo ionisation
After photoionisation in the light dependent reaction, the chlorophyll molecule is now a ........................ charged ion. Some of the energy released from electrons is used to add a ........................... to adp to form atp and some is used to .............. NADP to form ............ NADP. ATP transfers .............. and NADP transfers ................. to the light independent reaction.
Positively
Phosphate group
Reduce
Reduced
Energy
Hydrogen
Briefly describe the light independent reaction ( Calvin cycle)
Doesn't use light energy directly but uses the products of the light dependent reaction, takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast . The atp and reduced NADP supply the energy and hydrogen to make glucose from co2