Unit 1 - Cell Biology

• What organelles can be found in an animal cell?


  Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane
• What organelles can be found in a plant cell?


  Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane, Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell Wall,
• What organelles can be found in a fungal cell?


  Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane
• What organelles can be found in a bacterial cell?


  Cell Wall, Ribosomes, Plasmids, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm
• What is the function of the Cell Wall?


  Supports and strengthens the cell.
• What is the function of the Cell Membrane?


  Controls what substances enter and leave the cell.
• What is the function of the Cytoplasm?


  The fluid inside the cell membrane where many chemical reactions take place including fermentation.
• What is the function of the Mitochondria?


  The site of aerobic respiration where most ATP is produced.
• What is the function of the Chloroplasts?


  The site of photosynthesis where sugar is produced.
• What is the function of the Vacuole?


  A compartment in the cell that stores water and helps keep the cell turgid.
• What is the function of the Ribosomes?


  The site of protein synthesis where the amino acids are joined together.
• What is the function of the Plasmids?


  Small circular DNA molecules that contain genes.
• What is the function of Nucleus?


  A compartment in the cell where DNA is stored as chromosomes.
• What are Cell Membranes made from?


  Phospholipids and Proteins
• Why is the membrane described as selectively permeable?


  it only allows specific molecules to pass through.
• What is Passive Transport?


  Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and does not require energy.
• What is Diffusion?


  The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration.
• What is Osmosis?


  The movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration, through a selectively permeable membrane.
• What will happen to an animal cell when it is placed in a salty/sugary solution?


  Shrinks, Water moves out of the cell by osmosis.
• What will happen to an animal cell when it is placed in pure water?


  Bursts, Water moves into the cell by osmosis.
• What will happen to a plant cell when it is placed in a salty/sugary solution?


  Plasmolysed, Water moves out of the cell by osmosis.
• What will happen to a plant cell when it is placed in pure water?


  Turgid, Water moves into the cell by osmosis.
• What is the Active Transport?


  The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, this requires energy.
• What is the structure of DNA called?


  Double Stranded Helix
• What are the DNA strands linked together by?


  Complementary bases.
• What is the complementary base pairing?


  Adenine - Thymine

  Guanine - Cytosine
• How does DNA differ from person to person?


  Sequence of bases.
• Why is the sequence of bases important?


  The base sequence determines the amino acid sequence in proteins.
• What is the genetic code carried by DNA used to make?


  Proteins
• What is the organelle in animals that stores DNA?


  Nucleus
• What is a gene?


  A section of DNA that codes for a protein.
• What is the two stages that take place in Protein Production?


  1. A complementary copy of part of the DNA is made in the

  nucleus, this is called messenger RNA.

  
  

  2. The mRNA travels to a ribosome to determine the order of

  amino acids used.
• What are enzymes?


  Enzymes are biological catalysts, they help speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
• Why can an enzyme only work on one type of substrate?


  Different shaped enzymes have different shaped active sites.
• What is a degradation reaction?


  A breakdown reaction. The substrate is one larger molecule and the product is two or more smaller molecules.
• What is a synthesis reaction?


  A build up reaction. The substrate is two or more smaller molecules and the product is one large molecule.
• What are three types of proteins?


  Hormones, Receptors and Antibodies.
• What is the steps in genetic engineering?


  1. Identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene

  from the source chromosome.

  2. Extract the required gene using enzymes.

  3. Extract plasmid from bacterial cell.

  4. Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid and seal using

  enzymes.

  5. Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a

  genetically modified organism.
• What is the Aerobic Respiration summary word equation?


  Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
• Where does step 1 of Aerobic Respiration take place?


  Cytoplasm