Cold War

• 1945-47: Start of the Cold War


  D - dollar imperialism (Marshall Plan)

  I - Iron Curtain Speech

  S - Stalin's satellite states and speech

  T - three conferences (Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam)

  R - Russian telegram (Novikov)

  U - US telegram (Long)

  S - sphere of influence (Comecon and Cominform)

  T - Truman Doctrine = containment
• 1948: Berlin Airlift


  B - Bizonia, US and UK merge zones. France joins later

  E - East Germany is formed

  R - Russian blockade of West Berlin

  L - lots of planes, 200,000 flights supply West Berlin

  I - increased spending on armaments, NATO and Warsaw Pact

  N - new currency, Deutschmark
• 1956: Hungarian Uprising


  H - Hungary suffers under communism after WW2

  U - uprising started by students, Stalin's statue is destroyed

  N - Nagy becomes the new reforming leader

  G - goes to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact

  A - awful Soviets send in tanks and kill thousands

  R - Rakosi, an old style communist leader

  Y - Yanos Kadar, appointed the new leader by Soviets
• 1961: Berlin Wall


  B - building of wall overnight (13th August)

  E - emigration of skilled workers from East to West

  R - refugees known as defectors

  L - loss of skilled workers (Brain Drain)

  I - improves US/USSR relations afterwards

  N - numbers from brain drain decrease
• 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis


  C - Castro takes power in Cuba

  U - U2 spy plane

  B - Bay of Pigs fiasco

  A - Arms Race, America worried of losing and were under threat

  N - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)

  C - Cuba blockaded on the sea by US

  R - Russia sends in missiles and then withdraws them

  I - installation of MOLINK afterwards

  S - superstar Kennedy

  I - irritate France, they pull out of NATO

  S - sacking of Khruschev
• 1968: Prague Springs


  P - Prague proposes lots of reforms to Czechoslovakia

  R - Russia sends in tanks (again)

  A - America does nothing (again)

  G - Gustav Husak replaces Dubcek

  U - Under Dubcek, Czechoslovakia would be "socialism with a human face"

  E - ended with the Brezhnev Doctrine
• 1970-79: Detente


  D - diplomacy the new norm (talk, talk, talk)

  E - easing of tension in Cold War

  T - two SALT treaties to reduce arms

  E - Eastern Europe to be controlled by USSR

  N - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

  E - ends with Russian invasion of Afghanistan
• 1980-89: Second Cold War

  R - Russia invades Afghanistan and restarts Cold War

  E - Evil Empire = USSR according to Reagan

  A - Arms Race starts again = Star Wars (SDI)

  G - Gorbachev the new Soviet leader in 1985

  A - America must win Cold War

  N - nuclear weapons in space (SDI)
• 1985-91: End of the Cold War

  G - Geneva and Reykjavik conferences to encourage co-operation

  O - openness = Glasnost

  R - Russia reconstructs economy = Perestroika

  B - break up of Eastern Europe starts in Baltic States

  A - accepts Warsaw Pact members could make changes

  C - Chernobyl, a nuclear disaster shows USSR in crisis

  H - has no money to keep up with USA

  E - East Germany unites with West Germany in 1990

  V - very surprised at collapse of communism and USSR in 1991
• Tehran Conference


  November 1943

  Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchil

  + Led to a better relationship between the Big Three

  + Discussed plan for UN and to end WW2
• Yalta Conference


  February 1945

  Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill

  + Nazi Germany divided into 3 zones

  + Germany reduced, demilitarised and have reparations to pay

  + UN created

  + Poland to fall under USSR (being democratic)
• Potsdam Conference


  July 1945

  Truman, Stalin and Attlee

  • no agreements, 2 new people, different objectives
• Disagreements at Yalta and Potsdam

  Yalta - USSR wants higher reparations (keep Germany weak)

  - US and UK want Germany to recover

  Potsdam - no free elections in Eastern Europe

  - removal of non-communists in Poland
• Hungarian Uprising: 1956

  -Khruschev = USSR premier

  -Rakosi = Hungarian Prime Minister

  -Nagy = Hungarian Minister

  -Kadar = replacement of Nagy
• Hungarian Uprising: 1956

  Causes:

  • protests from Hungarians
  • Khruschev replaced Rakosi with Nagy and reorganised the government
  • Khruschev was convinced to withdraw Soviet troops
  • Nagy's "secret speech", leaving the Warsaw Pact
• Hungarian Uprising: 1956


  West Response:

  • no physical or financial support - could've been seen as a declaration of war
  • NATO took in some Hungarians

  Soviet Response:

  • invaded Hungary - 1,000 tanks and 20,000 Hungarians killed
  • Nagy and other leaders are kidnapped and executed
  • Kadar replaces Nagy and forms a pro-communist government
• Hungarian Uprising: 1956

  Consequences:

  • Khruschev is more secure and strong
  • West encouraged more protests but would not physically offer help
  • USA are deemed as weak
  • Superpower relations have soured
• SALT 1: 1972

  Superpowers agreed to limit nuclear weapons quantity

  • no further production of strategic ballistic weapons
  • no increase in ICBMs
  • no new nuclear missile launchers
  • ABM Treaty limiting ABM deployment sites

  Effectiveness:

  + slowed down arms race

  + led to further negotiations (SALT 2)

  + neither side had an advantage in nuclear weapons

  -did not cover intermediate nuclear weapons
• Helsinki: 1975

  + agreements on borders

  + all disputes to be settled peacefully with UN

  + no interference with internal affairs

  + trade cooperation and share of scientific knowledge (Apollo-Soyuz Mission)

  + countries to respect human rights

  Importance:

  • helped USSR and USA to form a stable relationship
  • high point of detente
  • developed more US-USSR cooperation

  Limits:

  -Soviet Union continued with Brezhnev Doctrine

  -USA continued 'protecting' countries that could interest the USSR like El Salvador
• SALT 2: 1979

  + under negotiation since 1972

  + Brezhnev and Carter signed the agreement in Vienna, 1979

  + each superpower limited to 2,250 warheads

  + imposed limits on new launch systems

  -some West German politicians opposed the treaty

  -some US politicians thought the treaty favoured the USSR

  -US-USSR relations soured after Afghanistan

  ^ US Senate never approved the treaty