geography 1A natural hazards

• what are immediate responses to volcanic eruption?

  -evacuation

  -temporary infrastructure

  -aid

  -warning and monitoring
• what are some long term responses to a volcanic eruptions?

  -relocation

  -rebuilding infrastructure

  -improved local economy
• Where can earthquakes occur?

  all plate boundaries
• what are earthquakes caused by?

  The tension that builds up at all three types of plate margin
• how do earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries?

  -tension builds up when plates sliding past each other get stuck
• how do earthquakes occur at destructive plate boundaries?

  -oceanic plate can get stuck as it slides under continental plate which causes pressure to build
• how do earthquakes occur at constructive plate boundaries?

  -tension builds along cracks in plates as they move away from eachother
• what is the epicentre of a earthquake?

  the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
• what is the focus of a earthquake?

  The point in the earth where the earthquake starts
• what are the seismic waves of a earthquake?

  energy released from focus in waves
• What does the moment magnitude scale measure?

  the amount of energy released by an earthquake
• what are immediate responses to earthquakes?

  -aid

  -evacuations and warnings

  -temporary infrastructure

  -rescue ops
• what are long term responses to earthquakes?

  Improve preparation;

  improve local economy

  rebuild buildings

  infrastructure.
• how can the impacts of tectonic hazarzs be reduced?

  -monitoring and prediction

  -protection and planning
• how can monitoring reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -seismometers and lasers monitor earth movements and can be used as early warning systems
• how can monitoring reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  -scientists can monitor the tell tale signs that come before a eruptions such as tiny eruptions and escaping gas
• how can prediction reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -cannot be reliably predicted

  -scientists can forecast when they may occur by tectonic plate movement
• how can prediction reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  -can be predicted if volcano monitored closely
• how can protection reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -new buildings use reinforced concrete to absorb earthquakes energy

  -bridges can be strengthened with steel frames

  -auto shut off systems can turn of electric to prevent fires
• how can protection reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  --buildings strengthened so less likely to collapse under ash weight
• how can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

  -avoid high risk areas

  -peoples educated on what to do in emergency

  -gov plan evacuation routes to get people away quickly and safely

  -emergency supplies like blankets water food stockpiled
• what are strategies used to reduce hazards in HICs?

  -earthquake proof buildings

  -earthquake drills

  -auto switches which turn of gas and electric
• what are some strategies used to reduce hazards in LICs?

  -lighter roof materials

  -bamboo rods in walls
• what are some reasons people live in at risk areas?

  -always lived there

  -minerals from volcanic ash make soil very fertile and good for farming

  -jobs

  -good gov/instiutions
• what are lahars?


  volcanic mudflows
• what is climate change?

  Significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns
• what are ice ages?


  periods of time when glaciers covered much of the earth
• what is the time between glacial periods called and how long do they last in average?

  interglacial period

  8-12000 years
• what period are we currently in?

  Quaternary Period
• give examples of where evidence can be used for climate change

  -tree trunks

  -ice/sediment cores

  -temp records

  -pollen analysis
• how can tree rings be used in evidence for climate change

  -tree rings thicker in warmer,wetter conditions

  -thickness of ring shows what climate was like that year
• how can ice/sediment cores be used for evidence of climate change?

  -by analyses gases trapped in ice that are made up of one sheet of ice per year
• how can temp records be used in evidence for climate change?

  -since 1850s temp has been recorded on thermometers

  -gives reliable short term idea of temp

  -historical records such as newspapers with harvest dates
• How can pollen analysis provide evidence for global warming?

  -pollen is preserved in sediment such as peat bogs

  -scientists know what conditions plants live in now so preserved pollens show climate condition changes/similarities
• what are natural causes of climate change?

  Orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output
• what is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

  any temperature increase attributable to human activity
• what are the effects of climate change on the environment

  -melting ice

  -reduction of biodiversity

  -changing rain patterns

  -sea surface temp increase
• what are the effects of climate change on people

  more deaths,

  problems with water sources

  lower crop yield

  more extreme weather events

  loss of coastal areas
• What is mitigation?


  developing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emission
• what are some mitigation strategies?

  -carbon capture

  -alternative energy production

  -international agreements

  -planting trees