sociology paper 1

• Correspondence


  A close similarity or connection
• Bowles and Gintis talk about correspondence as they are Marxists
• Meritocracy is a systme in which individuals achievments are based on their own talents and efforts rather that social origins and backgrounds.
• Ethnography is the study of peoples culture and practises in every day setting, usually based on qualitative data.
• Vertical mobility is when someone moves up the social ladder
• Social mobility is the movement from one class to another over time.
• streaming is when students are allocated to a calss based on their general ability.
• setting is when students are allocated to classes based on their attainment in that particular subject
• attainment refers to the proces of one attaining ones position in society or class.
• cultural capital is the knowledge, attitudes and values that the middle class provide for their children that gives them an advantage in their education system.
• Material factors include, housing, poverty, diet, health.
• Marketisation is the policy of bringing market forces (such as competitions and choices) into education.
• Parsons found 2 key functions of the family 1. primary socialisation, 2. stanilisation of adult personality
• stanilisation of adult personality is family relives stress of life when they are at home, the warm bath theory.
• willmott and young found that family was becoming more symetrical
• principle of stratified is changes in family starts with higher social classes then goes down to the rest.
• Delphy and Leonard are radical femenists who say family is patriarchal and women have unpaid labour
• Oakley says women have a dual burden and how they are dependent on the mans wages
• Zeretsky says family serves capitalism through the womens unpaid labour
• family is a unit of consumption that buy necesary products in order to maintain capitalism.
• Rapoports say theres 5 types of diversity in the family 1.organisational- structure of the family,e.g nuclear, lone-parent 2.Cultural- values and beliefs that affect their lifesyle 3.Social Class - social class differences MC kid has resources 4.Life course- stages in the family cycle 5.Cohort- historical differences, eg. divorce is now more common
• Talcott Parsons say school is the bridge between family and wider society. education teaches the difference between paticularistic (individual) and universalistic ( everyone) values.
• Durkeim says the main function of education is to build solidarity. which is achieved through lessons such as history.
• Bowles and Gintis say there is a correspondence betwwen work and school such as uniform
• Willis has done a study on the lads who had a similar anti-school subculture to working class workplace
• Ball examined the way a mixed ability complrehensive school was organised, teachers had different expectations of different bands.
• comprehensive school is a school where anyone can go to regardless of how well they do in an exams
• Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz say parental choise and competition has increased inequality in education, schools focus on league tables rather than students.
• Halsey, Heath and Ridge examined social class origins and educational destination of a large sample of 8000 men
• service class, intermediate and working class were establishes based on the fathers ocupation
• halsey et al found that service class children are more likely to get higher grades at GCSE and A level compared to other classes