Chemistry

• Indicators


  Used to determine if a substance is an acid or alkali
• Making an indicator


  1. Use red cabbage

  2. Red cabbage in acid = RED

  3. Red cabbage in alkali = GREEN
• pH


  Gives the strength of an acid or alkali
• pH scale


  • pH 1-3 = strong acid
  • pH 12-14 = strong alkali
• pH meter


  Records pH to decimal places
• Making salts


  Acid + Alkali → Metal salt + Water
• Naming metal salts


  Alkali = metal hydroxide, Acid = type of salt
• Acid + Alkali


  • Acid + Metal hydroxide → Metal salt + Water
• Acid + Metal → Metal salt + Hydrogen
• Heating hydrated copper sulfate


  1. Delivery tube

  2. Cooled receiver

  3. Heat

  4. Anhydrous copper

  5. Water

  
• Thermal Decomposition of copper carbonate


  Breakdown of a substance using HEAT

  
• Thermal Decomposition


  • Limestone Quarrying
  • Combustion
  • Neutralization
  • Photosynthesis
• Temperature increases


  Heat of reaction
• Temperature decreases


  Heat energy is taken out
• Test for carbon dioxide
• Word equation
• Green to black colour change
• Symbol


  Element symbols have two forms: 1) ONE LETTER (capital), 2) TWO LETTERS (capital and lowercase)
• Types of elements


  • Metals
  • Non-metals
• There are many more metal elements compared to non-metal elements
• The metals are on the left side of the periodic table and the non-metals are on the right side
• A line can be drawn on the periodic table to divide it, and elements touching this line are known as semi-metals
• Group


  A vertical column on the periodic table
• Period


  A horizontal row on the periodic table
• Group 2, Period 2 = Be (beryllium)
• Groups on the periodic table

  • Group I = Alkali metals
  • Group II = Alkaline earth metals
  • Group VII = Halogens
  • Group VIII = Noble gases
• Reactions of group I metals with water

  Produce heat
• Compound


  When two or more different elements combine
• Compound formation


  1. 2 elements (metal + non-metal) → name stays the same, ending changes to -IDE

  2. 3 elements (metal + non-metal + oxygen) → name stays the same, ending changes to -ATE
• In glucose (C6H12O6), there are 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms

  
• Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.
• A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral (pure water).
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where lower numbers indicate higher acidity and higher numbers indicate higher alkalinity.
• Neutralization reactions involve combining an acid and base to form salt and water.
• The particles in a solid are tightly packed together in a pattern while the particles in a liquid are not as tightly packed together and do not have a pattern. The particles in a gas are loosely spread out and they don’t have a pattern.
• Boiling point - temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
• Melting point - temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
• When a substance changes state it goes through a change called a phase transition.
• Diffusion


  The movement of particles that allows them to spread out and mix with other particles
• Diffusion


  • The smell of aftershave or perfume diffuses and is detected by people on the other side of the room