Paper 1 biology

• what is a eukaryote

  organism made up of eukaryotic cells
• what is a prokaryote


  a prokaryotic cell
• purpose of nucleus


  contains genetic material (arranged in chromosomes) that controls activities of the cell
• purpose of cytoplasm


  where chemical reactions take place and contains enzymes to control these
• purpose of cell membrane


  holds cel together and controls what foes in and out
• purpose of mitochondria


  where respiration takes place to transfer energy for cell functions
• purpose of ribosomes


  involved in translation of genetic material in protein synthesis
• what extra subcellular structures do plants have that animals cells do not

  cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
• purpose of cell wall

  support and strength (made of cellulose)
• purpose of vacuole


  maintains internal pressure to support
• purpose of chloroplasts


  where photosynthesis occurs (contain chlorophyll)
• purpose and location of chromosomal DNa in a bacteria

  control's cell activities and replication, cytoplasm
• purpose of flagellum


  hair-like structure that rotates to move bacterium away from harmful substances or towards beneficial things
• purpose of plasmid DNA


  small loops of extra DNA that contain genes for things like drug resistance (can be passed between bacteria)
• name of a developed egg

  embryo
• what does haploid mean

  half the normal number of chromosomes
• adaptions of the egg cell

  nutrients in cytoplasm, haploid nucleus, membrane structure changes on fertilisation
• adaptions of sperm cell

  tail, mitochondria (in middle section), acrosome enzymes, haploid nucleus
• specialisation of epithelial cells

  cilia move substances in one direction across the surface of the tissue (e.g. moving mucuc=s in airways)
• what does resoltuion mean


  how wel a microscope distinguished between two points close together
• when were light and electron microscopes invented

  1590s, 1930s
• how does a light microscope work and what can we see in a cell

  passes light through specimen, nuclei and chloroplasts
• how does an electron microscope work and what can we see

  uses electrons, internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
• total magnification =


  eyepiece lens x objective lens
• magniication =


  image/real
• to convert from mm to Um

  x1000
• to convert from mm to nm

  x1000000
• to convert from mm to pm

  x1000000000
• enzymes are said to have a ... for their substrate

  high specificity
• metaphor for enzymes


  lock and key
• what affect does a higher substrate concentration have on the reaction

  faster to a point (more likely to two will meet up)
• rate =


  1000/time
• why must big molecules like protein be broken down

  too big to pass through walls of cells in digestive system to be absorbed into bloodstream
• carbohydrates: enzyme and smaller molecule

  amylase, simple sugars (e.g. maltose)
• proteins: enzymes and smaller molecule

  protease, amino acids
• lipids: enzyme and smaller molecule


  lipase, glycerol and fatty acids
• what is it called when you join smaller molecules together to make a bigger one

  synthesising
• what is used to test for sugars and what is a positive test

  Benedict's reagent, coloured precipitate (from blue to green to yellow to orange to red)
• what is used to test for starch and what is a positive test

  iodine, from brown orange blue black colour
• what is used o test for Lipids and what is a positive test

  Emulsion test(with ethanol), milky emulsion