PE paper 1

• functions of the skeletal system: support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production
• function of support in skeletal system

  supports internal organs
• the adult human body has:

  206 bones
• ligaments: hold bones in place at joints
• tendons: attach muscles to bones across joints, providing stability
• synovial joints: 'freely moveable' enables a wide range of movement
• the body makes about 2 million red blood cells per second
• synovial capsule: encloses joint and is linked with the synovial membrane. the capsule keeps the synovial fluid around the joint
• synovial membrane: lines entire synovial capsule, produces synovial fluid
• bursae: small sac like structures filled with fluid, alleviates friction
• cartilage: smooth surface on ends of long bones, reduces friction between bones during movement
• abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
• adduction: movement towards the mid-line of the body
• flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
• Extension: straightening limbs at a joint
• circumduction: circular movement around a fixed point
• rotation: movement around a single long axis either clockwise or anticlockwise
• dorisflexion: movement where the sole of the foot is brought closer to the shin
• plantar flexion: movement where the sole of the foot is brought closer to the back of the leg
• example of a pivot joint: neck
• example of a ball and socket joint: shoulder, hip
• example of a condyloid joint: wrist
• example of a saddle joint: thumb
• example of a hinge joint: elbow, finger, toe, knee
• example of a plane/gliding joint: hand, foot
• long term effects of training on the skeletal system:

  skeletal tissues and bones become stronger and denser
• long term effects of training on the skeletal system: skeletal tissues and bones become stronger and denser,

  cartilage becomes thicker,

  tendons become thicker and stronger
• three types of muscle: cardiac, skeletal, smooth
• cardiac muscle: found in heart wall, involuntary movemet
• skeletal muscle: attached to bone by tendon, voluntary movements
• smooth muscles: found in internal body systems and moves various things through body systems. involuntary movemet
• functions of the muscular system during performance: movement, support, production of heat
• two muscles that work together are known as an antagonistic pair
• contracting muscle is known as the agonist (prime mover)
• muscle relaxing is known as the anagonist
• concentric contraction: muscle gets shorter and fatter
• eccentric contraction: muscle gets longer and thinner
• isotonic contraction: muscle working against a resistance and it shortens or lengthens
• isometric contraction: muscle working against a resistance and stays the same length.
• slow twitch fibres:

  designed for endurance,

  contract slowly and relax slowly,

  produce little force,

  keep going for long periods of time due to more arteries, veins, and 3x the myoglobin