Cell processes
Cards (28)
- in the G1 phase, the cell is doing its job
- in the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs
- G2 phase is where the cell is preparing for cell division
- G0 phase is where the cell cannot undergo mitosis
- kinases are enzymatic proteins which activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them
- cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases are responsible for controlling the cell cycle checkpoints
- in the G1 checkpoint, the cell must have a sufficient number of organelles and growth factors activated
- prophase is where the chromosomes start to condense and mitotic spindles form
- prometaphase is where the microtubules invade the nuclear space and bind to the centromeres of the chromosomes
- metaphase is where the chromosomes convene along the metaphase plate
- anaphase is where the chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
- telophase is where two daughter nuclei form and a cleavage furrow forms
- point mutation: nucleotide switch
- types of mutations: point, deletion, duplication, inversion, translocations and transposons
- translocation: switch between chromosomes
- synonymous mutation: a mutation that results in the same amino acid being produced
- non-synonymous mutation (missense): a mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein
- nonsense mutation: a mutation that results in a STOP codon being read and the protein is not produced
- conservative mutation: where amino acid is changed to a similar amino acid and has similar biochemical properties
- non-conservative mutation: the new amino acid does not have similar biochemical properties
- frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of nucleotides which is not divisible by 3
- functional outcomes of mutations: loss of function, gain of function or no functional change
- types of genes which can lead to cancer when mutated: oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes
- oncogenes: increase rate of cell division
- tumour suppressor genes: decrease rate of cell division
- cancerous cell characteristics: dedifferentiation and loss of function, uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis
- angiogenesis: tumours form from new blood vessels as they grow
- metastasis: secondary tumours that have spread from initial tumour site