spgbio 2

• Plant Morphology


  External structures of the plant
• Plant Anatomy

  Internal structures of the plant
• Two systems based on morphology

  • Root System
  • Shoot System
• Root System


  • Roots
  • Underground
  • Supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals
• Shoot System


  • Stem and leaves
  • Vegetative (non-reproductive) parts - leaves and stems
  • Reproductive parts - flowers and fruits

  
• Plant Organs

  • Roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
  • Flowers
  • Seeds
  • Fruits
• Roots


  • Anchor the plant to where it should grow
  • Conduct water and dissolved nutrients
  • Absorb water and minerals
• Types of roots based on growth

  • Primary roots
  • Secondary roots
  • Adventitious roots
• Primary roots


  • Grow vertically downward
• Secondary roots


  • Grow horizontally
• Adventitious roots


  • Grow from leaves and stem
• Root Systems

  • Fibrous/diffuse (monocot)
  • Taproot (dicot)
• Fibrous/diffuse root system

  • Long, slender with numerous thread-like roots
• Taproot system

  • Primary and secondary root
• Regions of roots

  • Root Cap
  • Meristematic Region
  • Elongation Region
  • Maturation Region
• Root Cap


  • Thimble-shape mass of cells
  • Protects the tip of the root
• Mucigel

  • Slimy substance containing sugar, amino acids, enzymes, and vitamins
  • Provides protection from drying
  • Acts as a lubricant
  • Aids in absorption of water and nutrients
• Meristematic Region

  • Apical meristem of the root
  • Zone of cellular division
• Elongation Region

  • Cells undergo enlargement in length
  • Filled with large vacuoles
  • Pushes the root cap
• Maturation Region


  • Region of differentiation
  • Contains elongated cells from the elongation region
  • Contains many root hairs
• Stem


  • Collection of tissues arranged as nodes and internodes
  • Part of the shoot system
  • Grows from the epicotyl

  
• Types of stems

  • Woody stem
  • Herbaceous stem
• Woody stem

  • Tough and not green
  • Can live long
  • Can grow in height and in diameter
  • Covered by corky bark
• Herbaceous stem

  • Soft green outer covering
  • Non-woody tissues
• Parts of a woody stem

  • External - Lenticels, Leaf scars, Buds
  • Internal - Bark (Cork, Cork Cambium, Cortex, Phloem, Wood/Xylem, Annual Ring)

  
• Lenticels


  Sites of loosely arranged cells that allow gas exchange to occur
• Leaf scars

  Shows where a leaf was attached to the stem
• Types of buds


  • Terminal
  • Lateral/axillary
  • Flower bud
  • Leaf/branch bud
  • Naked bud
  • Covered bud
  • Active or dormant bud
• Leaves


  • The most active organ of the plant
  • Major site for photosynthesis
  • Sources of food, spices, clothing, dyes, waxes, drugs and fuels
  • Provide shade and shelter
• External structure of the leaf

  • Apex
  • Margin
  • Veins
  • Midrib
  • Base
  • Petiole
  • Axillary bud
  • Stipule
  • Stem

  
• Internal structure of the leaf

  • Epidermis
  • Guard cells
  • Stomata
  • Mesophyll
  • Xylem
  • Phloem

  
• Flowers


  Angiosperm - the sporophytic structure specialized for sexual reproduction
• Parts of a flower

  • Essential parts - Stamen (male), Pistil (female)
  • Accessory parts - All other parts except stamen and pistil
• Parts of a seed

  • Monocot - Single cotyledon
  • Dicot - Two cotyledons
  • Epicotyl
  • Cotyledon
  • Hypocotyl
  • Radicle
  • Seed coat
• Parts of a fruit

  • Pericarp - Exocarp/Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp
  • Seed - Embryo, Endosperm, Seed coat
• Respiratory system

  Provides for the exchange of O2 and the waste product CO2 between an animal and its environment
• Gas exchange


  Respiration or the interchange of O2 and CO2
• Mitochondria


  Location of exchange of gases with body cells
• Lungs


  Used for gas exchange of humans and animals
• Leaf

  Used for gas exchange for plants through pores/stomata