WEEK 8

• Art movements


  • Impressionism
  • Post Impressionism
  • Neo Impressionism
  • Symbolism
  • Art Nouveau
  • Fauvism
  • Expressionism
  • Cubism
  • Futurism
• Impressionism


  • Art movement in France at the end of the 19th century
  • Known for lively painting techniques and use of colour
  • Excited by contemporary developments in color theory
  • Attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and colour
  • Used looser brushwork and lighter colors than previous artists
• Principal Impressionist painters


  • Claude Monet
  • Pierre-Auguste Renoir
  • Jacob-Abraham-Camille Pissarro
  • Édouard Manet
  • Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas
• Claude Monet


  • Initiator, leader, and unswerving advocate of the Impressionist style
  • First success at age 15 with sale of caricatures
  • Exceptional achievements in works completed between 1865 and 1870
• Claude Monet's paintings

  • Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son
  • Poppies
  • Impression, Sunrise
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir


  • French painter originally associated with the Impressionist movement
  • Early works were Impressionist snapshots of real life
  • By mid-1880s, applied a more disciplined, formal technique to portraits and figure paintings
• Renoir's paintings


  • Head of a Woman
  • Woman in Black
  • Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette
• Camille Pissarro


  • Painter and printmaker, key figure in the history of Impressionism
  • Only artist to show work in all eight Impressionist group exhibitions
  • Experimented with many styles, including pointillism
  • Supportive friend and mentor to artists like Cézanne and Gauguin
• Pissarro's paintings


  • Woman Washing Her Feet in a Brook
  • The Banks of the Oise near Pontoise
• Édouard Manet


  • French painter who broke new ground by defying traditional techniques and choosing modern subjects
  • Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and Olympia aroused hostility of critics but enthusiasm of young Impressionist painters
• Manet's paintings


  • The Railway
  • A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
• Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas


  • French painter, sculptor, and printmaker prominent in the Impressionist group
  • Widely celebrated for his images of Parisian life
  • Explored the human figure, especially the female, in works ranging from portraits to studies of laundresses, cabaret singers, etc.
  • Acknowledged as one of the finest draftsmen of his age, experimented with a wide variety of media
• DeGas' paintings


  • Prima Ballerina
  • A Woman Seated Beside a Vase of Flowers
• Post-Impressionism


  • Reaction in the 1880s-1914s against Impressionism
  • Led by Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh, and Seurat
  • Rejected Impressionism's concern with spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light and color
  • Favored emphasis on more symbolic content, formal order and structure
  • Stressed the artificiality of the picture
  • Believed color could be independent from form and composition as an emotional and aesthetic bearer of meaning
• Post-Impressionist painters


  • Paul Cézanne
  • Vincent van Gogh
  • Georges Seurat
  • Paul Gauguin
• Paul Cézanne

  • Preeminent French artist of the Post-Impressionist era
  • Credited with paving the way for 20th-century modernism
  • Linked the ephemeral aspects of Impressionism to more materialist, artistic movements
• Cezanne's paintings


  • The Large Bathers
  • The Basket of Apples
• Vincent van Gogh


  • Generally considered the greatest Dutch painter after Rembrandt
  • One of the greatest of the Post-Impressionists
  • Painted still life, landscape, and figure subjects related to peasant daily life
  • Influenced and was influenced by Gauguin during their time working together
• Van Gogh's paintings


  • The Starry Night
  • The Potato Eaters
• Georges Seurat


  • Inspired by a desire to abandon Impressionism's preoccupation with the fleeting moment
  • Rendered what he regarded as the essential and unchanging in life
  • Borrowed many Impressionist approaches like modern subject matter and urban leisure scenes
  • Tried to capture all the colors that interacted to produce the appearance of objects
• Seurat's paintings


  • Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
  • Bathers at Asnières
• Paul Gauguin

  • French painter, printmaker, and sculptor who sought to achieve a "primitive" expression of spiritual and emotional states
  • Categorized as Post-Impressionist, Synthetist, and Symbolist
  • Participated in the eighth and final Impressionist exhibition in 1886
• Gauguin's paintings


  • The Yellow Christ
  • Old Women of Arles (Mistral)
• Neo-Impressionism

  • Movement in French painting that reacted against Impressionism's empirical realism
  • Relied on systematic calculation and scientific theory to achieve predetermined visual effects
  • Applied scientific optical principles of light and colour to create strictly formalized compositions
  • Led by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac
  • Used a technique of applying paint in dots of contrasting pigment to be perceived as a single hue

  
• Neo-Impressionism


  An art movement that applied optical principles of light and colour to create strictly formalized compositions
• Neo-Impressionism


  • Led by Georges Seurat, who was its original theorist and most significant artist
  • Led by Paul Signac, who was also an important artist and the movement's major spokesman
• Divisionism


  The practice of separating colour into individual dots or strokes of pigment, which formed the technical basis for Neo-Impressionism
• Pointillism


  A painting technique in which small, distinct dots of pure colour are applied in patterns to form an image

  
• The terms divisionism and pointillism originated in descriptions of Seurat's painting technique
• Seurat's painting technique

  • Paint was applied to the canvas in dots of contrasting pigment
  • A calculated arrangement of coloured dots, based on optical science, was intended to be perceived by the retina as a single hue
  • The entire canvas was covered with these dots, which defined form without the use of lines and bathed all objects in an intense, vibrating light
  • The dots were of a uniform size, calculated to harmonize with the overall size of the painting

  
• Neo-Impressionist Painters


  • Théo Van Rysselberghe
  • Henri-Edmond Cross
  • Albert Dubois-Pillet
  • Maximilien Luce
• Théo Van Rysselberghe


  • Belgian painter, sculptor, and designer
  • Influenced by the work of Georges Seurat, particularly his Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grand Jatte
  • His Neo-Impressionism was characterized by a faithful reconstruction in terms of light and optics of the environmental reality
  • Increasingly devoted his time and energies to work in the decorative arts and graphics after the turn of the century, eventually giving up pointillism
• Théo Van Rysselberghe's Paintings


  • Entrance to the Port of Volendam
  • The El Khemis Gate in Meknes, Morocco
• Henri-Edmond Cross


  • French pointillist painter
  • His early works were in the dark colors of realism, but after meeting with Claude Monet in 1883, he painted in the brighter colors of Impressionism
  • Co-founded the Société des Artistes Indépendants with Georges Seurat
  • Became one of the principal exponents of Neo-Impressionism
  • Known for his atmospheric landscapes
• Henri-Edmond Cross' Paintings


  • Women Tying the Vine
  • Evening Air
• Albert Dubois-Pillet


  • Self-taught artist and central figure in the Parisian avant-garde
  • Educated at the military academy at Saint-Cyr, but his sophistication and intellectual understanding of painting proved he was not an amateur
  • His early work focused on naturalism
  • Befriended Georges Seurat, Charles Angrand and Paul Signac
  • A founding member of Société des Artistes Indépendants, he wrote the statutes and chaired the group until his early death in 1890
  • Works by Dubois-Pillet are rare as many were destroyed in a studio fire the year after his death
• Dubois-Pillet's Paintings


  • Morning on the Marne at Meaux
  • Little Circus Camp
• Maximilien Luce


  • Born in Paris, the son of a clerk in the Seine prefecture
  • Trained as a wood engraver and painter, attending art schools in Paris
  • Served in the army for four years and became involved in the anarchist movement
  • In 1885, following the example of Seurat and Signac, he began experimenting with optical painting
  • Exhibited with the Société des Artistes Indépendants and other groups
  • Arrested as a suspected anarchist in 1894 but acquitted
  • Elected President of the Société des Artistes Indépendants in 1935
• Luce's Paintings


  • The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame
  • Morning, Interior
• Symbolism and Art Nouveau were simultaneous art movements that often came together on one piece