GROUND SUBSIDENCE

• Sinkholes - The sinking of the ground surface above an underground void or depression
• Sinkholes - The downward movement of Earth’s crust towards its gravity
• Ground Subsidence - Usually occurs in urban cities and considered anthropogenic in nature
• Ground Subsidence - Defined as the loss of surface elevation due to the removal of subsurface support
• Sinkholes form in karst terrains, which are typically made up of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum — common rocks that are dissolved by groundwater over time
• Dissolution Sinkholes - Formed from the process of dissolving rocks by water or acid (usually limestone and dolomite)
• Cover-subsidence Sinkholes - Occurs in areas where the covering sediments contain sand and are permeable - Can happen in clat, but may be undetected for longer periods of time
• Cover-collapse Sinkholes - Occurs when covering sediments contain a significant amount of clay that can develop abruptly and cause catastrophic damages
• Human-Induced Sinkholes - Associated with human activities such as groundwater pumping, land development practices, construction, etc.