lesson 3 GAD

• Sex

  Biological characteristics
• Gender


  Different roles, norms and relations regarding men and women as perceived in society
• Chromosomes


  • A natural male individual has one X and one Y chromosome (XY)
  • A biologically female has two X chromosomes (XX)
  • Some people with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) have both an X and Y chromosome but appear to be female
• Testosterone


  • A sex hormone that impacts development and behavior both before and after birth in both males and female
  • Testosterone can create traits that are traditionally associated with men-- aggression, competitive, visuospatial ability, and increased sexual desire
  • In men, the testicles primarily make testosterone
  • Women's ovaries also make testosterone, though in much smaller amounts
• Low testosterone levels in men


  • Decreased sex drive
  • Less energy
  • Weight gain
  • Feelings of depression
  • Moodiness
  • Low self-esteem
  • Less body hair
  • Thinner bodies
• Testosterone levels in women

  • Low libido
  • Reduce bone strength
  • Poor concentration
  • Depression
• Male reproductive system


  1. Penis

  2. Testes

  3. Scrotum

  4. Prostate gland

  5. Vas deferens

  6. Urethra

  
• Female reproductive system


  1. Vulva

  2. Vagina

  3. Ovaries

  4. Fallopian tubes

  5. Clitoris

  6. Labia

  7. Uterus

  8. Urethra

  9. Bartholini's glands

  
• Regular medical examinations are necessary for both male and female individuals to keep them stay healthy and discover early signs of sickness or illnesses
• Measures such as eating a well-balanced diet, exercising regularly, and controlling may not be enough to take control of one's health
• Healthcare checks for men

  • Blood pressure and blood test
  • Prostate cancer screening
  • STD testing
  • Colon cancer screening
  • Cholesterol and triglyceride blood test
  • Urine test
• Healthcare checks for women

  • Pap smear
  • Cholesterol test
  • Pelvic exam
  • Colorectal cancer screening
  • Bone density screening
  • Breast cancer screening
  • Self-check for skin changes
• Sexual dimorphism

  Physical differences between males and females of a species
• Breasts vs Chests

  • Women have breasts, whereas men have flat chests (but with nipples on them)
  • Women are the only primates who are busty all the time, even when they aren't nursing
  • Breasts signal a woman's bountiful ability to feed her children
  • Breasts also help men figure out who to pursue to achieve reproductive success
• Sexual dimorphism

  The scientific term for physical differences between males and females of a species
• Unlike animals, men and women are more physically similar than are different
• Key physical distinctions between men and women

  • Designed to suit each sex for the role it plays in reproduction
  • Help us tell each other apart and to aid in our mutual attraction
• Breasts

  Women are the only primates who are busty all the time, even when they aren't nursing. Breasts signal a woman's bountiful ability to feed her children and demonstrate fertility
• Men don't have breasts, but they do have nipples because the genes that code for nipple development switch on in utero
• Adam's apple

  Men have bigger voice boxes, which give them deeper voices and cause their cartilage to protrude more, creating a neck lump called an Adam's apple
• Facial features

  More testosterone makes men's brow, cheekbones and jawline stronger, while more estrogen makes women's faces wider, with fuller lips and higher eyebrows
• Testosterone correlates with muscle strength, aggression and genetic vigor in men, while women prefer men with more masculine features when ovulating and more effeminate features for long-term relationships
• Facial hair

  Men grow more hair on their bodies and faces due to higher levels of sex hormones called androgens, and beards may have become prevalent because women found men with facial hair more attractive
• The same testosterone that causes men to grow more hair also leads them to go bald later in life
• Skin pigmentation

  Women tend to have lighter skin, hair and eyes than men, which may reflect inherent differences in masculinity and femininity
• The lightness of a woman's skin correlates with the ratio of the lengths of her index and ring fingers, which in turn correlates with her exposure to estrogen before birth
• Muscle and fat distribution


  Men are generally more muscular, while women store more fat in their breasts, hips, buttocks and as subcutaneous fat, which is designed for carrying and birthing children
• Male metabolism burns calories faster, while female metabolism tends to convert more food to fat
• 25 Fun Facts About What Makes Men and Women Different


  • Men have thicker skin and denser bones, tendons and ligaments
  • Women need more iron due to menstruation
  • Men have more muscle mass and faster, more powerful muscles, while women's muscles are more fatigue-resistant
  • Men typically have longer ring fingers than index fingers, while the opposite is true for women
  • Women need more folate to support fetal neural development
  • Structural and functional differences in male and female brains
  • Women have shorter circadian rhythms and function better with sleep deprivation
  • Women use fat as their primary exercise fuel, while men use carbohydrates
  • Men have much higher testosterone levels than women
  • Men have larger voice boxes and more pronounced Adam's apples
  • Men and women start losing bone mass around age 40, but menopause accelerates bone loss in women
  • Men have higher daily calorie requirements than women
  • Women carry more body fat, which supports reproductive physiology
  • Women typically carry fat in their hips and thighs, while men carry it around their stomachs
  • Men require diets higher in protein due to their larger size, muscle mass and calorie needs
  • Men have lower resting heart rates but higher peak heart rates during exercise
  • Men have more red blood cells
  • Women typically have lower blood pressure than men
  • Older women need more vitamin D to promote calcium absorption
  • Men are less likely to seek medical care and more likely to hide or lie about symptoms
  • Pregnant and post-menopausal women require more zinc
  • Men are less sensitive to scold temperatures
  • Women have better senses of smell and taste
  • Men are more likely to be colorblind but have better motion detection, while women can distinguish small color differences better