My notes

• Communication

  A process of exchanging verbal and/or non-verbal information between two or more people who can be either the speaker or the receiver of messages
• Communication

  • Involves sending, receiving messages through various channels such as speech, writing, gestures, body languages, etc.
• Purposes of communication

  • To inform
  • To persuade
  • To entertain
• To inform

  This purpose of communication aims to provide knowledge, facts, or updates about a particular subject or topic
• To persuade

  It aims to convince the audience to adopt a certain viewpoint, take specific actions, or change their existing beliefs or behaviors
• To entertain

  It focuses on providing enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure to the audience
• Types of communication

  • Written communication
  • Verbal communication
  • Non-verbal communication
  • Visuals
• Written communication

  It involves texts or words encoded and transmitted through letters, reports, online chat, Short Message Service (SMS), email, journals, and other written documents
• Verbal communication

  It involves an exchange of information through face-to-face, audio and/or video call or conferencing, lectures, meetings, radio, and television
• Non-verbal communication


  It involves the use of facial expression, posture, eye contact, and body movements to convey or emphasize a message of information
• Visuals


  It involves the use of images, graphs, charts, logos, and maps
• Intended communication


  Refers to planning what and how you communicate your ideas to other people
• Unintended communication


  It happens when you unintentionally send non-verbal messages to people you are communicating with, or you suddenly make negative remarks out of frustration or anger
• Communication


  A process of exchanging verbal and/or non-verbal information between two or more people who can be either the speaker or the receiver of messages
• Communication


  • Involves sending, receiving messages through various channels such as speech, writing, gestures, body languages, etc.
• Purposes of communication


  • To inform
  • To persuade
  • To entertain
• Types of communication


  • Written communication
  • Verbal communication
  • Non-verbal communication
  • Visuals
• Intended communication


  Planning what and how you communicate your ideas to other people
• Unintended communication


  Unintentionally sending non-verbal messages to people you are communicating with, or suddenly making negative remarks out of frustration or anger
• Communication processes


  • Source
  • Message
  • Encoding
  • Channel
  • Decoding
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
  • Context
  • Barriers
• Communication in a one-way process
• Communication ethics


  • Uphold integrity
  • Respect diversity or perspective and privacy
  • Observe freedom of expression effectively
  • Promote access to communication
  • Be open-minded
  • Develop your sense of accountability
• Guidelines for effective communication

  • Be clear with your purpose
  • Support your message with facts
  • Be concise
  • Provide specific information in your feedback
  • Adjust to the needs, interest, values, and beliefs of your audience
  • Observe communication ethics
  • Be your natural self and appear very confident
• Language registers


  • Formal register
  • Informal register
  • Neutral register
• Globalization


  Involves the integration, expansion of the cultural, political, economic, and technological domains of countries
• Culture


  Encompasses the shared beliefs, values, customs, traditions, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a particular group of people
• Multicultural


  Refers to the presence or recognition of multiple cultural groups within a society or organization. A multicultural society or environment acknowledges and values the diversity of cultural backgrounds, beliefs, traditions, and practices among its members
• Intercultural communication skills


  Involves understanding and respecting differences in how people communicate, behave, and see the world
• General guidelines for communicating in a multicultural context

  • Avoid asking inappropriate or personal questions
  • Avoid stereotyping or generalizing certain groups. Keep an open mind and be flexible
  • Avoid using jargons, cliches, highfalutin terms, technical terms, acronyms, and gender-biased language
  • Develop intercultural communication skills
  • Listen attentively when others are speaking
  • Pay attention to your non-verbal communication
  • Respect a person's rights to confidentiality and privacy
  • Show considerations
  • Speak gently and politely; never shout to be understood
• Gender-biased words / sexist language


  • Sexist language
  • Neutral
• Multimodal text


  A way of communicating meaning through a combination of several modes like words, images, and spatial design to deliver its message
• Forms of multimodal text

  • Paper-based
  • Digital
  • Performance
• Key highlights for effectively evaluating text and images in a multicultural context

  • Cultural awareness
  • Avoiding stereotypes
  • Contextual understanding
  • Inclusive language and imagery
  • Cross-cultural communication
  • Consultation and collaboration
  • Critical thinking

  
• Reading


  The cognitive process of decoding and interpreting written or printed symbols (such as letters, words, and sentences) to derive meaning and understanding from text
• Types of reading


  • Skimming
  • Scanning
  • Critical reader
• Qualities of a critical reader

  • Annotates the text by writing or using sticky notes
  • Distinguishes facts from opinions
  • Evaluates the source of the text and image
  • Reads with an open mind
  • Considers the cultural and historical background of the text or image
• General guide questions in evaluating a text

  • Source
  • Content
  • Context
  • Audience
  • Author
  • Visual
  • Technical quality
• 6 Stages of Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

  • Denial
  • Defense
  • Minimization
  • Acceptance
  • Adaptation
  • Integration
• Denial


  The individual does not recognize cultural differences
• Defense


  Starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them