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• Evolution 


  natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generation. (Banaag, 2012 p. 31)
• The origins of modern humans can be explained by studying the biological, social and cultural evolution.
• THE EVOLUTION THEORY

  Cultural evolution

  Sociocultural evolution

  Biological evolution

  Charles Darwin

  Natural Selection
• Cultural evolution


  refers to the changes or development in culture from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.
• Sociocultural evolution


  – happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase.
• Biological evolution


  refers to the changes or modifications and variations in genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another.
• Charles Darwin


  is considered as the Father of Evolution and the process of natural selection
• Natural Selection


  explains how species evolved and how they adapt to their environment
• THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION

  VARIATION

  INHERITANCE

  SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
• VARIATION


  every species is made up of a variety of individuals with some better adapted to their environments compared to the others.
• INHERITANCE


  organisms produce offspring with different sets of traits that can be inherited.
• SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST


  organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and these variations are passed on to their offspring in subsequent generations.
• HOMINIDS


  is the general term used by scientists to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk, erect during the pre-historic times.

  Sahelanthropus

  Ardipithecus

  Australopithecus

  Homo
• SAHELANTHROPUS


  – it had both apelike and humanlike: a skull similar to the Australopithecus and modern human; height almost similar with the chimpanzee, small teeth and had the ability to walk upright.
• ARDIPITHECUS


  means, “ape on the ground”. characteristics:  height of about 4 feet  Weight of about 120 pounds  Small brain  Bipedal
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS


  means the “southern ape”, was

  the next groups of hominids.

  Characteristics

  Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters

  Upright

  Biped

  Tools users only and not tool makers
• Lucy


  3.2 million year old Australopithecus Afarensis fossil. modern human’s earliest ancestors and remains as the most famous hominid fossil discovered.
• Homo


  are classified as humans and not humanlike creatures because they had bigger brains and were bipedal.

   HOMO HABILIS

   HOMO ERECTUS

   HOMO SAPIENS
• HOMO HABILIS


  the apelike men who first to used stone tools as weapons and protection of their enemies. They are recognized as the first true human, who lived from 2.4- 1.4 million years ago
• HOMO ERECTUS


  This manlike specie could walk straight with almost the same brain with modern man.

  - He made refined stone tools for hunting and weapons for protection of the enemies.

  - was the first Homo species to use fire and to live in caves and small houses made of tree branches

  - It was also believed that the Homo Erectus was the first Homo to use spoken language.

  - First Homo to live and survive in Asia
• “Java Man”

  “Peking Man”


  Pithecanthropus Erectus

  Sinanthropus Pekinensis

  major discovered fossils
• HOMO SAPIENS


  The last genus in the evolution ladder of the Homo family “homo sapiens”(thinking man) - They are considered as modern humans

  Characteristics:  Large brain size  Lived in shelter  Food gatherers  Ate plants and fruits  Hunted animals  Crafted metals etc
• NEANDERTHAL MAN


  was discovered in Germany in 1856 who lived in cave and dependent in hunting and fishing.
• CRO – MAGNON


  Was discovered in the cro-magnon cave in Southern France
• Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus and Australopithecus

  • are considered as the first stage of human evolution. - Its fossils were excavated in the African continent.
• Homo


  considered as the last stage of human evolution
• OUR THINKING CAPACITY


  It has the necessary parts for facilitating pertinent skills such as speaking, touching, feeling, seeing and smelling.
• OUR GRIPPING CAPACITY


  Power grip-enabled humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object;

  Precision grip-enabled humans to hold and pick objects steadily using fingers. This capacity was crucial for tool- making activities.
• OUR SPEAKING CAPACITY


  Humans have longer vocal tract compared with chimpanzee. A longer vocal tract means that there is a longer vibration surface, allowing human to produce a wide array of sounds than chimpanzees.
• OUR WALKING CAPACITY


  Two locomotion

  Bipedalism – capacity to walk and stand on two feet

  Quadropedalism – all four limbs
• TABON MAN


  used to be the oldest confirmed modern human in the Philippines, dating back to 16, 500 years ago (14,000 BC). (Bird Philippine Mountbuilder)
• Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1958).


  It was discovered in the Lipuun Point Reservation of the Tabon Caves Complex in the Southern part of Palawan Island
• HOMO LUZONENSIS


  t was excavated in 2007 in Callao Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines by an international multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Armand Salvador Mijares, an archaeologist from the UP and a National Geographic Grantee.
• pre-historic period is categorized into archaeological periods:

   Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age

   Neolithic or New Stone Age

   Metal Age

   Iron Age
• Paleolithic Period


  Old Stone Age (450,00 – 6,000 B.C.)
• Paleolithic Period


  • Humans used stones found in nature
  • They used tree branches, leaves, and stones for shelter
  • They produced fire by rubbing two stones together
  • They produced basic stone tools and stone art
  • Humans began create durable product that did not served any function for survival but only as a means of self-expression
• Paleolithic art


  • The diagnostic art of this period appeared in two main forms: small sculptures and large paintings and engravings on cave walla
  • Paleolithic sculptures and figurines made of clay, bone, ivory, or stone depicted animals and humans
  • Portable figurines found included those with finely carved facial features, while others accentuated sexual organs and buttocke that suggested that they were tied to an interest in human fertility
• Neolithic or New Stone Age (6,000 – 2,000 B.C.)

   They used polished and bladed stones.

   They started agriculture and established

  settlement in permanent villages.

   There was more domestication of animals.

   Early men moved out of caves and went out to

  the coast.

   They led a more sedentary lifestyle.

   There was the appearance of crafts such as

  pottery and weaving.

   They had permanent homes usually made of

  timber or mud bricks
• Metal Age (2,000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.)

   They began consciously to produce metals.

   Changes in settlement organization, ritual life, and interaction between the societies were evident.  Forests were formed after melting of ice caps.

   They showed signs of being dependent on rivers as primary source of food.
• Copper Age (3500 to 2300 BCE)

   They used copper for jewelry and weapons.

   There was sporadic use of copper for a limited

  number of small tools and personal ornaments.

   Copper was used to adorn the deccased. It was

  also fashioned into implements.

   Copper pipes were used to water, dating back to

  around 2700 B.C as found in one of the Egyptian

  pyramids.

   The art of smelting and molding copper was

  developed