WHOLE LESSON

• Stratification


  Categorizing people in layers of society
• Determination of how a person will be categorized

  • If a person has wealth (money, liquid assets, properties)
  • Power - Ability to rule
  • Prestige - Influence
• Categories of power


  • Economic - Control of resources
  • Political - Control of rule
  • Cultural - Control of information
• Prestige


  Influence, even though they have no wealth but they are known in society
• Prestige


  • Celebrities
• Use of socio-stratification of society

  • Functionalist - Dissemination of workload
  • Conflict - Lack of opportunities, The lower the rank, the lower the opportunity
  • Symbolic Interactionism - Conspicuous Consumption, Determining the rank based on their appearance
• How socio-stratification began


  1. Small group of people - Bands (egalitarian)

  2. Accumulation of resources - more food = more power

  3. Slavery - More land = Upper social class

  4. Feudalism - Land is the basis of wealth

  5. 21st century - education, business, lands = Higher social rank
• Maharlika


  Warrior nobles, priest, Datu consultant
• Timawa


  Commoners, Merchants
• Alipin


  • Saguiguilid - Owned by masters
  • Mamamahay - Can buy freedom, can go up to timawa
• Social Class in the Philippines based on monthly income

  • Poor - <9,520
  • Low income - 19,040
  • Lower middle - 38,080
  • Middle - 66,640
  • Upper middle - 114,240
  • Upper Income - 190,400
  • Rich - >190,000
• Mobility


  • Upward mobility - If a person moved upward
  • Downward mobility - If a person moved downward
  • Horizontal mobility - If a person stays
• Social inequality


  • Gender (women, lgbt)
  • Minority (indigenous people, PWD)
  • Economic (Income disparity, rich vs. poor)
  • Political (Country with freedom vs country without)
  • Race (inequality to workplace)
  • Education (Higher education = Higher salary)
  • Cultural Diversity (xenocentrism, ethnocentrism)
• Degrees of inequality


  • Isolation - voluntary detaching
  • Segregation - separating in groups
  • Exclusion - Force, Omitting, Outcast
  • Genocide - Need to dissolve (mass murder) ex. Holocaust
• Dependency Theory


  Dominant country use lesser country to exploit
• Theories of change


  • Evolutionary theory - Change is a product of modernization, Gradual change leads to an increase modernization
  • Conflict theory - as conflict arises, changes will occur. If no conflict, there is nothing to improve thus, no changes
• Globalization


  Cross-border exposure in trade, culture, information or population
• McDonaldization


  Changes the way of living - Fast paced, Cross-border culture, Efficiency
• Innovation

  • Invention - discovery of new product, focus to improve the way of everyday living
  • Discovery - perception of new reality that already exist
• Diffusion, Acculturation, Enculturation, Assimilation

  • Diffusion - borrow aspects from other cultures and integrate it on our own
  • Acculturation - adjust the culture of origin to those of a different culture. Adapt the way of living
  • Enculturation - learning a culture, no application
  • Assimilation - learning the culture of a dominant culture through integration. Full adaptation of culture
• Brain Drain


  Produce professionals in the Philippines but chose to work abroad = no skilled workers in the Philippines
• BARMM - Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
• Class struggle

  • Buoyancy vs Proletariat - Communism
  • Rich vs poor - Capitalism
• Terrorism - Group of people that inflicts fear.
• Global warming and climate change:

  • Increased temperature
  • Stronger storms
  • Rising sea levels = sinking cities 
  • Disruption of ecosystem
  • Re-emergence of diseases
  • World hunger
• Degrowth - focus of economy well being and sustainability, minimalism
• Green economy - resource efficient and socially inclusive, innovation
• Republic act no. 9729 - climate change act of 2009
• • RA 10121 - philippine disaster reduction and management act
• • EO no. 79, s. 2012 - Aims to reform the mining sector and promote environmentally-sound mining practices
• • Republic act no. 9003 - ecological solid waste management act of 2000
• Active citizenry - increased voice and involvement of the people (incl. the civil society (NGO, coop, mass media)) to strengthen the relationship with the government. It promotes good governance.
• Good Governance - respect on human rights, transparency, and equitable and efficient public service delivery
• Characteristics of good governance 

  • Accountable
  • Transparent
  • Responsive
  • Equitable and inclusive
  • Effective and efficient
  • Follows the rule of law
  • Pacipatory
  • Consensus oriented
• Groups


  • Two or more individuals, interacting and identifying with each other, because of some similar characteristics or shared interests
  • A bounded collection of interacting individuals who are functionally, cognitively, and structurally interdependent to various degrees
• Bases of group formation

  • Similar characteristics
  • Shared interests
  • Common ancestry
  • Territorial proximity
• Primary groups


  • Built on the bases of intimate and personal relationships that allow them to thrive and tend to last, through cooperation and close association
  • Endure even when members are no longer physically near each other because of advances in technology
• Consists of primary groups

  • Family
  • Children's play groups
  • Groups in the community
  • One's group of friends
• Secondary groups


  • Larger and more impersonal in nature
  • Membership depends on shared aspirations or common objectives
  • Members do not necessarily interact with everyone in the group, and are bound by their shared social identities
  • A unique form of social group that tends to be formally organized or highly structured and based on predominantly impersonal or role-based task oriented interactions that are of a nonpermanent nature
• Consists of secondary groups

  • Nations
  • Corporations
  • Professional associations