Science

• Alfred Wegener a german metereologist and a geophysicist, hypothesized and suggested that the land masses of earth were once merged into super continent known as pangaea
• Lithosphere- is the outermost layer of earths crust and upper mantle
• Crust- is made of various types of rocks and sediments floating on top of the mantle
• Two types of earth's crust

  • Continental crust
  • Oceanic crust
• lithosphere is divided into fragments called plates
• seismograph- a device that records the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
• seismic waves- waves that travel through the earth and are caused by earthquakes
• Continental drift theory- the continents have moved over time and are currently moving apart
• Asthenosphere- It is a ductile layer under the lithosphere
• Plate margins also known as plate boundaries
• (Types of Plate Boundaries)

  • Divergent
  • Convergent
  • Transform
• Subduction- The process which the oceanic crust sink beneath the continental crust.
• (Three types of two plates collision)

  • Oceanic-Continental
  • Oceanic-Oceanic
  • Continental-Continental
• Oceanic-continental convergence is the type of Collision between oceanic crust and continental crust
• Divergent plate boundaries- plates move apart from each other
• Convergent plate boundaries- two plates move towards each other and the plates are forced together
• Trench- is a deep, narrow depression on the ocean seafloor caused by the collision and/or subduction of plates
• Oceanic-oceanic convergence- type of collision between two oceanic crustal plates. It also causes one plate subduct from eachother.
• Continental-continental convergence- when two continents collide, the crust is forced upwards and the oceanic crust is forced downwards
• Transform plate Boundary- plates slide horizontally
• The shaking of the ground caused by the tremendous reales of an energy due to pressure in earth's crust is called earthquake
• fault- also causes a sudden shake in the surface of earth.
• Epicenter- The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.
• Hypocenter- The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.
• Primary waves - travel through the interior of earth and through solid and fluid materials, travel faster than secondary waves
• Secondary waves- travel through solid materials only within the intterior of earth.
• Surface waves- are waves that occur on the surface of the lithosphere.
• The internal part of seismograph is called the seismometer.
• Magnitude- is the quantitative measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
• Richter scale- a scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake.
• The process were in magma escapes from earth's interior to form cool and hard rocks is called volcanism.
• Volcano- is a landform with an opening at its tip. This opening called the crater, allows molten magma to flow outside the surface.
• Lava- pertains to magma that has finally reached the surface.
• Magma- molten rock that is under the earth's surface and is constantly being formed
• Extrusive volcanism- magma erupts from the surface of the earth
• Intrusive volcanism- lava flow that does not reached the surface
• Viscosity- The magma's ability to flow
• Hotspot- Volcanoes that arise from the excretion of magma to the mantle
• Geology- The study of the Earth's structure and composition, including the processes that have shaped the Earth's surface.
• Orogeny- The process of mountain building.