UCSP FINALS LESSON 1

• Evolution


  A natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations
• Types of evolution

  • Cultural evolution
  • Sociocultural evolution
  • Biological evolution
• Cultural evolution


  Refers to the changes or development in culture from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
• Sociocultural evolution


  Happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase
• Biological evolution


  Refers to the changes or modifications and variations in genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another
• Charles Darwin


  Considered as the Father of Evolution and the process of natural selection
• Natural Selection


  Explains how species evolved and how they adapt to their environment
• Principles of Natural Selection

  • Variation
  • Inheritance
  • Survival of the Fittest
• Variation


  Every species is made up of a variety of individuals with some better adapted to their environments compared to the others
• Inheritance


  Organisms produce offspring with different sets of traits that can be inherited
• Survival of the Fittest


  Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and these variations are passed on to their offspring in subsequent generations
• Hominids


  The general term used by scientists to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk, erect during the pre-historic times
• Sahelanthropus


  • Had both apelike and humanlike features: a skull similar to the Australopithecus and modern human; height almost similar with the chimpanzee, small teeth and had the ability to walk upright
• Ardipithecus


  Means "ape on the ground"
• Ardipithecus


  • Height of about 4 feet
  • Weight of about 120 pounds
  • Small brain
  • Bipedal
• Australopithecus


  Means the "southern ape", was the next groups of hominids
• Australopithecus


  • Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters
  • Upright
  • Biped
  • Tools users only and not tool makers
• The 3.2 million year old Australopithecus Afarensis fossil named "Lucy" was considered as one of the modern human's earliest ancestors and remains as the most famous hominid fossil discovered
• Homo


  Classified as humans and not humanlike creatures because they had bigger brains and were bipedal
• Homo Habilis


  • The apelike men who first to used stone tools as weapons and protection of their enemies
  • Recognized as the first true human, who lived from 2.4- 1.4 million years ago
• Homo Erectus


  • Could walk straight with almost the same brain with modern man
  • Made refined stone tools for hunting and weapons for protection of the enemies
  • Was the first Homo species to use fire and to live in caves and small houses made of tree branches
  • Believed to be the first Homo to use spoken language
  • First Homo to live and survive in Asia
• Major discovered fossils

  • Pithecanthropus Erectus "Java Man"
  • Sinanthropus Pekinensis "Peking Man"
• Homo Sapiens


  • Large brain size
  • Lived in shelter
  • Food gatherers
  • Ate plants and fruits
  • Hunted animals
  • Crafted metals etc...
• Homo Sapiens are considered as modern humans
• Our thinking capacity


  • It has the necessary parts for facilitating pertinent skills such as speaking, touching, feeling, seeing and smelling
• Our gripping capacity


  • Power grip - enabled humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object
  • Precision grip - enabled humans to hold and pick objects steadily using fingers. This capacity was crucial for tool- making activities
• Our speaking capacity


  • Humans have longer vocal tract compared with chimpanzee. A longer vocal tract means that there is a longer vibration surface, allowing human to produce a wide array of sounds than chimpanzees
• Our locomotion capacity


  • Bipedalism – capacity to walk and stand on two feet
  • Quadropedalism – all four limbs
• Tabon Man


  The oldest confirmed modern human in the Philippines, dating back to 16, 500 years ago (14,000 BC)
• Tabon Man was discovered in the Lipuun Point Reservation of the Tabon Caves Complex in the Southern part of Palawan Island by Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1958)
• Homo Luzonensis


  It was excavated in 2007 in Callao Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines by an international multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Armand Salvador Mijares, an archaeologist from the UP and a National Geographic Grantee
• Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age (450,00 – 6,000 B.C.)


  • Humans used stones found in nature
  • They used tree branches, leaves, and stones for shelter
  • They produced fire by rubbing two stones together
  • They produced basic stone tools and stone art
  • Humans began create durable product that did not served any function for survival but only as a means of self-expression
  • The diagnostic art of this period appeared in two main forms: small sculptures and large paintings and engravings on cave walla
  • Paleolithic sculptures and figurines made of clay, bone, ivory, or stone depicted animals and humans
  • Portable figurines found included those with finely carved facial features, while others accentuated sexual organs and buttocke that suggested that they were tied to an interest in human fertility
• Neolithic or New Stone Age (6,000 – 2,000 B.C.)


  • They used polished and bladed stones
  • They started agriculture and established settlement in permanent villages
  • There was more domestication of animals
  • Early men moved out of caves and went out to the coast
  • They led a more sedentary lifestyle
  • There was the appearance of crafts such as pottery and weaving
  • They had permanent homes usually made of timber or mud bricks
• Metal Age (2,000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.)

  • Changes in settlement organization, ritual life, and interaction between the societies were evident
  • Forests were formed after melting of ice caps
  • They showed signs of being dependent on rivers as primary source of food
• Copper Age (3500 to 2300 BCE)

  
  

  They used for jewelry and weapons

  • There was sporadic use of copper for a limited number of small tools and personal ornaments
  • was used to adorn the deccased. It was also fashioned into implements
  • The art of smelting and molding copper was developed
• Iron Age (1200 – 1000 BC)


  • Metals replaced bronze in making weapons
  • was found to be the strongest metal among the three
  • The export of knowledge of iron metallurgy and of iron objects was rapid and widespread
  • was used for making weapons, putting arms in the hands of the masses
• HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

  • The oldest and the most basic way of economic subsistence.
  • They produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals, and gather plants and vegetation for food.
  • Since hunting and gathering societies rely on nature for their food, they frequently move and do not have permanent settlements.
  • During the paleolithic period, these societies lived in a small groups with only 20-30 members.
  • Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering societies.
• Horticultural societies


  Developed around 10,000 years ago, semi-sedentary
• Horticultural societies


  • Surplus of food
• Pastoral societies


  Developed around 10,000 years ago, principal means of subsistence is animal domestication