Unit 1

• Primary industry


  • Farming
  • Fishing
  • Forestry
  • Mining
• Secondary industry


  • Manufacturing of goods using raw materials
  • Construction
• Tertiary industry


  • Private sector services (e.g. banking, insurance, retail)
  • Public sector services (e.g. schools)
• Quaternary industry


  • Information and communication technology (ICT)
  • Research and development (R&D)
• 2/3 of working people work in the pre-industrial phase of the Clarke Fisher Model
• Stages of the Clarke Fisher Model

  • Pre-Industrial = LICs (e.g. Tanzania)
  • Industrial = NEEs (e.g. China)
  • Post-Industrial = HICs (e.g. UK)
• Reasons for primary industry decline

  • Depletion of resources
  • Cheap imports
  • Mechanisation
  • Social change and value of primary industry
  • Government Policy
• Reasons for secondary industry decline

  • Globalisation
  • Cheaper production in developing countries
  • Government Policy
• At its peak in the 1920's about 1.2 million men were employed in coal mining pits across Britain
• As the more accessible seams of coal became exhausted the cost of mining more difficult to access coal increased the cost of production
• Coal became cheaper to import from other countries making the UK less competitive. In 2012 96% of our imported coal came from just 3 countries: USA, Russia and Columbia.
• Under Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Government the National Coal Board announced they intended to close 20 coal mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs, and many communities in the North of England as well as Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment


  6 March 1984
• Countries such as the UK have had legally binding CO2 emissions targets set by Climate Conferences such as Kyoto in 1997
• The UK has subsequently shut many coal fired power stations: The UK currently has 10 coal fired power stations left - 4 have closed between 2015 and 2016, including at Ironbridge.
• The UK has the world's largest wind farm: The London Array, opened in July 2013 it is capable of powering over 500 000 homes.
• Dramatic declines in level of employment as machines have taken the jobs of people – the process of 'Mechanisation'.
• In 1841, over one in five workers (22%) were in the Agricultural industry. In 2011, less than one in a hundred employed people (1%,) worked in this industry.
• Deindustrialisation


  The process by which there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment and % contribution to GDP
• In 1966 manufacturing industries in Britain employed 8 940 000 people, by 2011 the number had dropped to just 2 740 000.
• Global Shift


  The process that began in the 1950's of manufacturing moving to Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) such as the 'Asian Tigers' economies of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore
• Recently Industrialised Countries (RICs)


  Countries such as China and Vietnam that have experienced economic change since the 1980's, now referred to as 'Emerging Economies'
• Globalisation


  The process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among economies of the world
• British Leyland was formed in 1975 from merging numerous separate car companies including: Morris, MG, Wolseley, Riley, Austin, Jaguar, Rover, Land Rover and Triumph.
• British Leyland dominated the UK's car industry; it employed 128,000 people at 36 locations, and with a production capacity of one million vehicles per year.
• British Leyland was a 'nationalised' (government owned) company. It was hoped, by the Labour government of the time, that by merging companies, greater efficiencies could be achieved by sharing of components.
• Dyson


  A domestic appliance manufacturer, founded in 1991 and owned by James Dyson. Its most well-known products are its upright cylinder and cordless vacuum cleaners; Dyson produce a variety of domestic appliances such as: hair dryers, heaters, humidifiers and more.
• The headquarters is currently situated in Singapore and employs over 14,000 people globally, 4,000 of which are employed in the UK. In 2022 its revenue grew to £6.5bn, from £6bn.
• In 2002, Dyson shifted all of its manufacturing from Britain to Malaysia, as a result, overseas sales suddenly accounted for 40% of turnover. Mr Dyson said he had to shift production to a Malaysia because it was far too costly to manufacture the domestic appliances in the UK, additionally he predicted his company to reach £40m profits in 2003, compared with £18m in 2002.
• Dyson relocated their headquarters to St. James Power Station from Tetbury Hill, Wiltshire. Furthermore, a new R&D location was introduced in Malaysia, resulting in hundreds of people losing their jobs in the quaternary industry in the UK, as well as factory workers loosing their jobs too (secondary industry).