Bio

• Nutrients help living organisms develop their bodies, grow, heal damaged body parts and give energy for life and activity.
• Modes of nutrition

  • Autotrophic Nutrition
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Autotropic Nutrition

  Can produce their own food
• Heterotrophic Nutrition

  Cannot produce their own food
• Digestion

  The mechanical and chemical processes by which complex food substances are broken down into simpler substances
• Mouth

  Produces saliva where mechanical mastication of food takes place to form bolus
• Esophagus

  A muscular tube that conducts peristalsis and serves a passage way for food
• Stomach

  A muscular sac that contains gastric juices that helps to break down the food chemically.
• Liver

  Produces the bile that helps in the digestion of fats
• Gall Bladder

  Helps in the storage of bile and discharging it form the cystic duct
• Pancreas

  Releases pancreatic juices and enzymes which helps in the digestion of protein and starch.
• Small Intestine

  A tube that contains villi which absorbs the nutrients and water coming from the food
• Large Intestine

  A tube that absorbs water and salt form the material that has not been digested as food, and gets rid of any waste products.
• Anus

  Is an opening that eliminates feces inside the body
• Digestive Processes

  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
• Ingestion

  Taking in of food into smaller pieces
• Digestion

  Breaking down of food into smaller pieces
• Absorption

  Movement of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the small intestines into the cell, then into the blood.
• Elimination

  Undigested material passes out of the system
• Substrate-feeders

  Animals live on the source of their food and eat through it
• Filter-feeders

  Aquatic animals strain the food particles form the water
• Fluid-feeders

  Animals suck fluids containing nutrients from other animals
• Bulk-feeders

  Animals break down and swallow large amount of food
• Required Nutrients

  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins
• Essential Nutrients

  • Amino Acids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
• Photosynthesis

  The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in order for the plant to make their own food
• Roots

  It absorbs and transports water and nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant.
• Leaves

  The part of the plants where photosynthesis takes place
• Chloroplast contains chlorophyll that traps sunlight
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens inside the stomata.
• Trapping Mechanism

  Insect-eating plants capture and digest their prey through pitfalls and traps
• Open Circulatory System

  The blood flows freely through cavities since there are no vessels to conduct the blood
• Closed Circulatory System

  The blood flows through the arteries and veins connected by the capillaries
• Xylem

  Carries water and minerals upward, from the root to its different parts
• Phloem

  Moves water and nutrients throughout the different parts of the plant
• Reproduction

  Is the biological process by which “offspring” are produced from their “parent” or parents.
• Types of reproduction

  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction

  •Use of sex cells (gametes)

  •Involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

  •Genetic variability
• Asexual reproduction

  •Does not involve gametes, instead parts of mature organism may develop to new individuals

  •Off spring is genetically identical to the parent
• Binary Fission

  Separation of the body into two new bodies

  • Common in single-celled organisms