DNA Replications

• DNA Replications is an anabolic polymerization process
• DNA Replication requires raw material like monomer and energy
• Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide is a requirement or another raw material for DNA replication, serve both function as monomer and energy
• DNA Replication is an important process prior to Binary Fission which is a type of asexual reproduction
• The key to replication is complementary structure of the two stranded DNA
• Semiconservative replication is a property of DNA duplication, wherein each original DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. After replication, each resulting DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
• Replication run from 5' to 3'
• The 8 molecules involve in DNA Replication are DNA helicase, single stranded binding protein or stabilizing protein, RNA primer, Primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, triphosphate nucleotide, and DNA ligase.
• DNA Helicase is a molecule that breaks the hydrogen bond between the nitrogenous bases
• Single-stranded binding protein, or what we called the stabilizing protein that prevents binding (re-annealing) after unwinding DNA strand and protect DNA from enzymatic degradation
• Primase is a molecule or an enzyme that responsible for synthesizing RNA primer and assist RNA primer to bind in DNA base sequence
• RNA primer is a molecule or product of primase in which it is a short segment of RNA that is complementary to DNA strand that bind to 3' of pentose sugar in leading strand and 5' of pentose sugar in lagging strand creating hydrogen bond.
• DNA ligase is a molecule that connect Okazaki fragments to make lagging strand continuous
• DNA Polymerase have an ability of both cutting and adding nucleotides in phosphate-sugar backbone. Also had a proofreading ability.
• DNA Polymerase III utilizes the addition of nucleotides in the phosphate-sugar backbone to complement in the template of DNA strand. It has an ability to proofread and cut.
• DNA Polymerase I removes the RNA primer segment, have an ability to cut 3' to 5', and also proofreading
• The two formation of DNA strands after unwind are lagging and leading strand
• Leading Strand is synthesize continuously
• Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
• Origin of Replication (known as oriC) is a specific sequence where DNA replication starts
• Differences of Bacterial replication and Eukaryotic replication are: Eukaryotic replication use 4 DNA polymerases, thousand of replication of origin, shorter Okazaki fragment, and plant & animals methylate only cytosine bases
• The strand of lagging strand created is 5' to 3', while leading strand created is 3' to 5'
• Reannealing is the process where DNA strand combined creating hydrogen bond
• The Replication Fork is a Y-shape structure where DNA unwinds and new strands are made.
• Topoisomerase is an enzyme that has an ability to cut and sealed DNA strand
• DnaA is a protein responsible for recognizing the origin of replication which binds to specific sequences within the origin of replication or oriC.
• DnaC is a protein that functions as a loader for the DnaB helicase
• DnaB is a helicase enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA replication by unwinding the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork
• Triphosphate nucleotides is a source of nucleotides (monomer) and energy needed to replicate DNA
• RNA raw material is triphosphate ribonucleotides, while DNA raw material is triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides
• In triphosphate, 1 phosphate serve as a DNA backbone and the 2 remaining phosphate serve as an energy