BA

• Treaties of Utrecht ended 12 years of conflict between England, France and Spain


  1713
• Types of settlers in New England colonies


  • Wealthy landowners
  • Poor servants
  • Slaves
• Natural Increase


  The difference between the birth and death rate. A positive figure means the birth rate is higher than the death rate.
• Indentured servants


  People who have signed contracts to work for a fixed number of years, in return for a free journey to the colonies
• Frontier


  Border separating two areas
• Presbyterian


  Form of Protestantism which spread to Scotland and is ran by courts, ministers and elders
• Congregationalists


  Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within
• The rate of natural increase in Europe was 1% compared to 3% in British America
• Examples of social tensions

  • Between races
  • Between religious groups
  • Between classes
  • Between town and countryside
  • Between old and new settlers
• Interracial marriage was banned in all 13 colonies by 1713
• Indigo


  A plant grown to make a dark blue dye. It was grown in South Carolina from 1741.
• Molasses


  The juice that is produced when raw sugar is processed on a plantation
• What Britain provided for American colonies

  • A market for colonial goods - it wanted wheat, fish, fur, tobacco and rice
  • Consumer goods - the colonists could buy goods like tea, spices and manufactured goods
  • Cheap manufactured goods - for example Britain sold tools that the colonists needed to grow crops
• About 10% of the goods produced by the colonists was sold to other countries
• Tobacco made up 45% of trade for British America
• Tea made up 12% of trade
• Pirate


  A sailor who attacks and steals from other ships
• Merchant ships


  Ships that transported goods and passengers for profit
• Galley ship


  A ship powered by rowing or sail. The Whydah had three masts for sailing but also space for oarsman
• Golden age for piracy

  1715-1725
• At the start of this period there were 2000 pirates
• 3 effects of the golden age of piracy

  • Trade goods were lost - over 2,400 ships were captured or destroyed by pirates in this period
  • The cost of trading went up - insurance prices grew rapidly as a result of losses
  • They created fear - people were afraid to travel in case they were killed or forced to join the pirates
• Black Sam Bellamy


  Pirate who began his career in 1716 and caused the loss of over 50 ships
• Black Sam Bellamy's crew was around 170
• Black Sam Bellamy died in a storm

  May 1717
• Blackbeard's nickname


  Robin Hood
• Blackbeard's real name


  Edward Teach
• 3 impacts of Blackbeard

  • Captured plunder - by April 1717 he had captured £100,000 worth of treasure (£13.5 million today)
  • Scared the Royal Navy
  • Attack Merchant shipping
• When Blackbeard was active

  1713-1718
• Proclamation


  An official announcement
• Pardon


  An official release from the punishment of a crime
• When King George offered his proclamation

  5th September 1717
• King George's proclamation stated a pardon for all pirates until January 1718, and a prize of up to £100 for any pirate caught
• 500 pirates accepted the proclamation, but most like Blackbeard went back to piracy</b>
• Transportation Act 1717


  It stated that a pirate could be put to death
• Woodes Rogers


  Assembled a fleet of 7 ships, including 2 from the Royal Navy, to tackle piracy. He was appointed the governor of Nassau and by December 1718 had restored control and put the remaining pirates on trial
• The Transportation Act/Piracy Act 1718 led to 110 pirates being hanged by 1726, and around 600 executed by 1726
• Asiento


  The agreement that Britain had a monopoly on the supply of slaves to the Spanish colonies
• Monopoly


  A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller
• Between 1701-1720, 30,000 slaves were transported to the colonies, rising to 70,000 in the next 20 years