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• speech style


  According to Joos (1976:156) is the forms of the language which speaker uses and depends on the degree of formality.
• 5 speech styles

  -Frozen style

  -Formal style

  -Consultative style

  -Casual Style

  -Intimate Style
• Frozen Style


  -Highest rank in styles

  -The most formal level of speaking style

  -used in very formal setting

  -a style of communication that almost never changes

  -has a fixed and static language and uses long sentences with good command of grammar

  Ex. Rituals, pledges, anthems
• Formal Style


  - uses in one way communication

  -uses in structured and formal communication

  - data are carefully planned, organized and researched

  - uses verbal and non-verbal communication

  - delivery style is considered

  Ex. speeches, seminars, lectures
• Consultative Style


  - Used in transactions where the participants engage in a active exchange of information

  - This level of communication applies a semi-formal kind of speaking

  - employs concise sentences and a lot of inquiry to communicate

  Ex. Interview, Casual talk
• Casual Style


  -Used in ordinary conversations

  - Uses standard and non-standard languages like slang

  - The language used is often informal and conversational

  Ex. A chat with a friend
• Intimate Style


  - A private conversation used among close friends and family

  - usually used by participants who have very close relationship, like between family members and close friend
• John Langshaw Austin


  was one of the most influential British philosophers of his time.

  He introduced the Speech Act Theory.
• Speech Act

  is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance.
• LOCUTIONARY ACT


  It refers to the actual words spoken

  by the speaker. (Communicative Act)
• ILLOCUTIONARY ACT


  It is what the speaker actually

  meant when he/she said the

  message.
• Classifications of

  Illocutionary Act

  by John Searle (1975)
• ASSERTIVE


  to state a

  belief or fact confidently

  Ex. concluding, stating,

  by John Searle (1975) claiming, or describing
• DIRECTIVE


  to make

  someone carry out an

  action

  Ex. ordering, requesting,

  or commanding
• COMMISSIVE


  to engage

  someone to do something

  in the future

  Ex. threatening,

  vowing, or promising
• EXPRESSIVE


  to express

  one's emotion

  Ex. congratulating,

  condoling, welcoming,

  or apologizing
• DECLARATION


  to effect

  immediate changes

  Ex. pronouncing,

  announcing, blessing, or

  bidding
• PERLOCUTIONARY ACT


  It refers to the effect that the

  speech has on the context of the

  participant's world. (Impact)
• Communicative

  Strategy


  is a plan or course of action to convey information effectively.
• Nomination


  Presenting a particular topic

  clearly, truthfully, and saying only

  what is relevant.

  Ex. "Have you noticed the weird weather

  lately? Is this because of climate

  change?"
• restriction


  Restricting the discussion to the

  topic offered or presented.

  Ex. "That arrest move was a

  disaster waiting to happen.

  Do you agree?
• Turn-Taking


  The process of providing equal

  opportunities to all the participants

  to express their views to the

  discussion.

  Ex. "Excuse me? I think we should speak

  one at a time, so we can clearly

  understand what we want to say

  about the topic."
• topic control


  This involves the act of sustaining

  the topic for the discussion.

  Ex. "You said that you like milk chocolates, but you

  also said that dark chocolates taste good. So,

  do you know that all chocolates are based

  from a single ingredient called cacao?"
• Topic Shifting


  Involves moving from one topic

  to another. It is where one part

  of a conversation ends and

  where another begins.

  Ex. "Thank you very much for your

  inputs, Sir. At this point, let me

  call on another panelist to lead

  the discussion..."
• topic repair


  This refers to solving

  problems or errors which may

  interrupt the discussion.

  Ex. I'm sorry, the word should

  be pronounced as Pretty

  not priti."
• Termination


  This is the process of closing

  on-going topics.

  EX. "I wish I could stay and talk more, but my

  time won't permit me. I have to go."
• Speech writing


  is an art and process of conveying message to your audience using correct punctuation and expression that can captivate and influence them
• First principle: Choosing a Topic


  1. Start with your basic interest

  2. Review your experiences

  3. Stop and look things around you

  4. Be like a journalist

  5. watch the television or read newspaper

  6. narrow your topic and determine your purpose
• Second Principle: Analyzing the audience


  1. know area

  2. feel area

  3. do area
• Steps in analyzing the audience:

  1. identify the demographics of your audience

  2. identify the psychographics of your audience

  3. identify the situational information of your audience
• Third Principle: Sourcing the information


  This process refers to gathering valid, credible and reliable data
• Sources of data


  - books -

  - encyclopedia

  - almanacs

  - magazines

  - newspaper

  - professional journals
• In sourcing information, evaluate them according to following criteria:

  1. apparent worth

  2. appropriateness

  3. interest

  4. availability of material
• Fourth Principle: Outlining and organizing the speech content -
• Outline


  is the framework of the speech. this will serve as the guide in developing the speech. A well planned outline can result to effective speech
• The written speech has three parts:

  1. introduction

  2. Body

  3. Conclusion
• Traditional patterns of outlining and organizing a speech

  1. chronological

  2. spatial

  3. causal

  4. problem-solution
• Chronological


  arrangement of thoughts in chronological order is dependent on what transpired over a period of time. usually used in biographical speeches, historical events.
• Spatial


  is good for speeches that describe a place or location. it can also be used to describe an effect of something.
• Causal


  is used to discuss problems. You may first discuss the causes of the problems and present the corresponding effects, or you may choose to discuss one cause and its effect at a time.