Required practical 12

• Effect of environmental factor on distribution of a species in a habitat (random sampling in two areas)

  1. Divide two areas into grids / squares - place 2 tape measures at right angles
  2. Generate a pair of coordinates using a random number generator on a calculator
  3. Place a quadrat here and count number / frequency [named species] ○ Standardise this - only count if more than half in the quadrat
  4. Repeat a large number of times (10 or more) and calculate a mean per quadrat for both areas
  5. Measure environmental factor in each area
• Describe an example of Measuring environmental factor in each area

  eg. take soil moisture readings with a soil moisture meter
• Suggest why percentage cover may be used rather than frequency

  ● Too difficult to count individual organisms / individual organisms are too small to count
• Explain why random sampling is used

  ● To avoid sampling bias
• Explain the importance of a large sample size

  ● Minimises the effect of anomalies

  ● Ensures sample is representative of the population
• Describe how you could decide the number of quadrats that should be used in order to collect representative data

  ● Calculate a running mean

  ● When enough quadrats, this shows little change

  ● Enough to carry out a statistical test
• Describe how you could investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species in a habitat (systematic sampling)

  1. Place a transect line (tape measure) across an area with an environmental gradient eg. tree to full sun
  2. Place quadrats at regular intervals eg. 1m (until end of transect) and record the number of organisms of [named species] and [named environmental factor] eg. light intensity using a light meter
  3. Repeat in other parallel areas and calculate mean number of plants at each point along the transect
• Explain the limitations of using systematic sampling to estimate the population of a species in a field.


  ● Not appropriate unless there is an environmental gradient

  ● Transects run in one direction, but to cover the entire field,

  they would need placing in multiple directions
• Which statistical test should be used to determine the relationship between abundance and an environmental factor?

  ● Correlation coefficient eg. Spearman’s rank