Unit 2

• Since the 1950s Deindustrialisation of traditional industries has affected many urban areas in HICs
• Decline of the inner-city

  1. Industrial change / decline

  2. Increasing unemployment

  3. Decline of shops and services

  4. Decline of housing and environment
• Stages of Filtering:

  1. Deindustrialisation leads to unemployment

  2. Outward migration of people with higher skills/education

  3. Remaining population has declined in number

  4. Remaining population has high unemployment and low skills/education

  5. Lack of spending power causes closure and further decline of local shops and services

  6. Lack of access to key services leads to social exclusion and deprivation
• Areas that have experienced filtering and deprivation suffer from increased crime, population decline, decreased life expectancy and overall health
• In 2008 'The Campaign to End Child Poverty' revealed that Ladywood has 81% of families fighting for financial survival
• In July 2010, the BBC reported that Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the United Kingdom
• In 2009/10, 25% of all violent crime in Birmingham occurred in Ladywood
• In 2016 the chairman of the Children's Society stated that, at 37% the child poverty rate in Birmingham is the second highest in the UK's major cities. In inner-city Ladywood that figure leaps to 47%
• According to the 2021 census, the National average of people that were economically active but unemployed was 2.8% however in Ladywood this was 8.4%. additionally, the national average for homes rented from the council was 9% but in Ladywood this percentage was 75%
• Enterprise zones

  Designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and government support to encourage businesses to establish themselves and boost job creation and drive economic development
• Certain businesses may be eligible to a discount of up to 100% on business rates over a span of 5 years. Businesses in certain areas can get full tax relief to support economic development. Local government organisations can make decisions about land use by themselves.
• Birmingham City Council - Big City Plan:

  • Expanding the city core area by over 25%
  • Adding £2.1 billion to the UK economy annually
  • Creating more than 50,000 new jobs
  • Creating more than 1.5 mil m² of new floor space
  • Producing quality buildings, public spaces and HS2
• Birmingham Smithfield: A £1 billion project providing offices, homes, leisure, infrastructure and open spaces. £6.6 million has already been spent for the Commonwealth Games and development works