english 4th quarter

• Sanskrit

  The ancestral language used in India, meaning "cultivated" or "perfected"
• Sanskrit literature originated

  1. Oral tradition

  2. Vedic holy texts (after 1500 B.C.)
• Vedic/Vedas

  The tradition/s of the Indian people handed down by word of mouth, meaning "knowledge"
• Aryans

  • Brought the ideas of their own gods with them
  • Memorized the sacred literatures
• Rig Veda


  The oldest form of Vedas, a collection of 1017 hymns addressed to the various Gods of the Aryans
• Brahmanas


  Codified the rituals and prayers of the Brahmins, the priests of the Aryans

  
• Upanishads


  Discourses between teachers and pupils, after Brahmanas
• Puranas

  The history of the Aryan race and its relationship with the Gods

  
• Mahabharata

  The longest poem in any language, considered the greatest epic in India, revolving around the conflict between the Pandavas and the Kauravas over the throne of Hastinapur
• Ramayana

  The journey of Prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita, who has been abducted by the demon king Ravana
• Dharma

  The Hindu term for maintaining rightful order and morality
• The Sanskrit grammar evolved, literary works aimed to put learning in the form of laws for the arts and sciences as well as to develop poetry and drama

  400 B.C.
• Shastra

  Sanskrit word meaning "manual of instruction", a book of knowledge, religious treatise, or a sacred book
• Kalidasa

  Considered the brightest among the "nine gems of genius", wrote 3 plays, 2 epic poems, and 2 shorter poems, including "Shakuntala"
• Shakuntala

  A love story between King Dushyanta and Shakuntala (a young woman raised in the forest), who are separated due to a curse after falling in love and getting married
• Holy bible

  The greatest literature that the Jewish people produced back in the day
• Love of God

  The central topic of any Jewish literature that was produced
• Parts of the Holy Bible

  • Old Testament
  • New Testament

  
• Old Testament

  Focuses on the history and teachings of ancient Israel (from the creation of the world to before the birth of Jesus Christ)
• New Testament


  Focuses on the life, teachings, and the establishment of Christianity
• The Jews only accepted the Old Testament as their bible
• Jewish God


  • No statue/imagery
  • Believing and loving him is the only way they could show how much he means to them
• Showing love to God

  Via hymns of praise and thanksgiving for his paternal love and wisdom
• Earliest Jewish poetry


  • Generally emotional and often passionate
  • Expressed the "true lives" of the people living during their time
• Jewish literature


  • Shows great love of their country
  • Appreciation of their culture
• Types of Jewish literature

  • Lyric
  • Narrative
  • Drama
• Lyric


  A piece of writing (poem or song) that is used to celebrate, contemplate, and transmit the rich heritage and values of Jewish culture
• Narrative


  Tells a story from the perspective of Jewish characters or themes, usually involving stories from the Holy Bible
• Drama


  Literary works about struggles with faith, family dynamics, morality, and social justice
• Types of Psalms

  • Psalms of Praise
  • Psalms of Trust
  • Psalms of Contrition
• Psalms of Praise

  Filled with expressions of gratitude, adoration, and celebration directed towards God
• Modern Indian literature started with the establishment of civil service training schools and printing presses in the 19th century
• Psalms of Trust

  Offer comfort, encouragement, and hope to believers, reminding them to trust in God's goodness and strength
• Psalms of Contrition

  Express feelings of sorrow, repentance, and a desire for forgiveness
• Modern Indian literature produced a cultural revival and managed to keep the sentimental romanticism
• Nationalist leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi influenced the development of social realism in the earlier works of modern Indian literature
• Mahatma Gandhi

  India's father of the nation, pioneered the "Satyagraha" - resistance to tyranny through mass nonviolent civil disobedience
• Rabindranath Tagore

  Great Indian poet and dramatist, Nobel Prize for Literature awardee in 1913
• Arabian literature flourished then decayed as time passed by along with their literary works
• Dark or middle ages

  476 - 1000 A.D.