Topic 1 - Ch 2

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

  • basic needs
  • safety
  • need to be loved
  • satisfying relationships
  • self-actualization
• First level - basic needs


  • food, clothing, shelter, will to reproduce
• Second level - safety


  • feeling of safety
• Third level - need to be loved


  • need to be loved
• Fourth level -

  • satisfying relationships
• Fifth level - self-actualization


  • creativity, self-expression, and achievement
• Psychological needs

  • nutrition
  • sleep
  • recreation and exercise
  • psychologic core
  • emotionality - state of emotional balance
  • objectivity - ability to interpret a situation from an unbiased point of view
• Emotional and primal stress

  • Body's response to stress
  • Fight or flight response
  • First primal stress is stage fright
  • Second primal stress is problem of obtaining food
  • Third primal stress is death
• Stress and conflict


  • Tension that results from disagreements between incompatible needs or drives
  • Can be either healthy or destructive
• Learning


  • Storing information in memory and retrieving it when needed
• Improving listening skills

  • Create an interest in what is being said
  • Listen without prejudice and with an open mind
  • Make written notes
• Improving reading skills

  • Quickly scan materials for an overview
  • Develop clear idea of what you expect to learn
  • Search for main ideas
  • Practice and recall
• Retrieving from memory

  • Short-term memory: quick recall
  • Long-term memory: more permanent storage
  • Memory Retrieval
  • Having a mental set for remembering
  • Reacting actively
  • Refreshing your memory
  • Searching for meaning
• Forgetting


  • Essential for survival
  • pain
  • pleasure
• Errors in remembering

  • Give brain a rest and rejuvenate with sleep and relaxation
  • Proper nutrients (protein is brain food)
  • Schedule study times most conducive to individual preference
  • Organize the study area
  • Read for meaning and intent to memorize
• Factors that hinder critical thinking

  • Background beliefs
  • Faulty reasoning
  • Group loyalty
  • Frozen mindset
  • Emotional baggage
• Becoming a critical thinker

  • Humility
  • Respect for others
  • Self-awareness
  • Honing your skills
• Rote Memorization - learning word by word with little internalization
• Intentional Memorization:

  Perception - heavily influenced by memory

  Attention - concentrating on the activity
• Background Beliefs

  • religious training
  • attitudes of society
  • cultural traditions
  • teachings during youth
• Faulty Reasoning

  • biased or false information stated as fact
  • statistics
  • need to critically examine and understand limitations
• Group Loyalty

  • herd instinct
  • loyalty can be beneficial or disastrous
  • may hinder
• Frozen Mindset

  • centered in maintaining status quo
• Emotional Baggage

  • understand both sides of the arguement
• Critical Thinking - to provide answers to our problems; acquiring, integrating, retrieval, collecting, and analyzing information
• low level critical thinking - habit, recall
• high level critical thinking - inquiry, creativity