THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE (5)

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Mass


  The quantity or amount of matter in the object
• Weight


  The measure of the gravitational force acting on the object and can change, which is always denoted by Newton (N)
• Elements


  The simplest form of matter and they all have unique chemical properties
• Elements in our body make up 96% of our body composition, the 4 main elements that our body has are: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that particular element
• Atomic number


  Always equal to the number of protons and since the protons and electrons are always balanced with each other
• Mass number


  Of an atom in the periodic table, you can get the mass number of it by adding both protons and neutrons
• Isotopes


  Two or more forms of elements that have the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers
• Electron cloud


  Can be organized up into 7 or less different energy levels which are called concentration rings or electron shells around the nucleus
• Valence shell


  The outermost shell
• Octet rule


  Where they tend to combine with other atoms until each has 8 electrons or become stable
• Electronegativity


  The ability of atoms to attract electrons
• Ionic bonds


  A charged particle called an ion will be formed during ionic bonding
• Cations


  Positive charge
• Anions


  Negative charge
• Covalent bonds


  Forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
• Nonpolar covalent bond


  Forms when the electrons are shared equally
• Polar covalent bond


  Forms when the electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms
• Single covalent bond


  One pair of electrons were shared by the two atoms
• Double covalent bonds


  Shares 2 electron pair with each other
• Triple covalent bonds


  They share 3 electron pairs with each other
• Molecules


  Could also be known by two or more atoms combining that can form a new substance
• Compounds


  Substances that resulted from two or more different types of atoms combining, during any types of chemical bonds
• Covalent compounds


  Compounds that were bonded through covalent bonding, and could also be called molecules. Water is an example of this
• Ionic compounds


  Bonded through ionic bonds, Salt is an example of this
• Molecular mass


  Of a compound can be determined by adding up the atomic masses of its atoms (molecules or ions)
• Chemical Reaction


  Occurs when atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or to break chemical bonds
• Parts of Chemical Reaction

  • Reactants - substances that enter into a chemical reaction
  • Products - substances that result from the chemical reaction
• Synthesis Reaction


  Two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
• Anabolism


  A biochemical process in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules
• Dehydration Reactions


  As the amino acids are bound together, water is also produced. Synthesis reactions in which water is a product. As the atoms rearrange as a result of a synthesis reaction, old chemical bonds are broken and new chemical bonds are formed
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)


  Composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups, is synthesized from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which has two phosphate groups, and an inorganic phosphate (H2PO4) that is often symbolized as Pi
• Decomposition Reaction


  The reverse of a synthesis reaction—a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
• Catabolism


  The decomposition reactions occurring in the body
• Metabolism


  The chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy (All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body are collectively defined as metabolism)
• Hydrolysis


  A common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between particular substances
• Reversible Reaction


  The reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants
• Equilibrium


  The amount of reactants relative to the amount of products remains constant. When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction system is said to be at equilibrium
• Oxidation


  Loss of an electron by an atom