Population

• Population

  Group of individuals of species occupying a definite geographic area at a given time
• Global population growth over time

  
• The population will continue to grow till equilibrium is achieved (number of births = number of deaths)
• Population growing by 90 million/year, of which 93% in developing countries
• Every second 4-5 children are born and 2 people die, nearly 2.5 persons gets added every second
• First 10 largest countries (Projected for 2050)

  • India (1628 million)
  • China (1369 million)
  • United States (404 million)
  • Indonesia (312 million)
  • Nigeria (304 million)
  • Pakistan (285 million)
  • Brazil (244 million)
  • Bangladesh (211 million)
  • Ethiopia (188 million)
  • Congo (182 million)
• Maximum Carrying Capacity

  The maximum population size that can be supported by environment
• Carrying capacity increased by clever use of science and technology, but there is a limit to maximum population size in given space and resource base
• Population has been able to maintain Exponential Growth during past 100 years due to Industrial Revolution, Infrastructure, Increased Productivity, Nutrition, Sanitation, Medicine
• Population Growth Rate

  Annual average growth rate = (P2-P1)/(P1*N) * 100, where P1 is population in previous census, P2 is population in present census, N is number of years between censuses

  
• Factors affecting population growth

  • Birth Rate (Fertility)
  • Mortality
  • Migration
  • Age and sex structure
• Birth Rate

  Number of babies produced per 1000 individuals

  
• Total Fertility Rate

  Average number of children that would be born to women in her lifetime
• Replacement Level

  Number of children a couple must produce to replace themselves, always higher than 2.0 as some children die before reaching reproductive age
• Mortality Rate

  Death rate per thousand individuals, reduced due to industrial revolution, improved hygiene, modern medicines

  
• Migration

  Movement of individuals into or out of place/country (within country)
• Age and sex structure


  Proportion of individuals of different ages and active males/females in a population
• Population Explosion

  An enormous growth of human beings
• Causes of Population Explosion

  • Fertility
  • Reduced Infant Mortality Rate
  • Increased food production
  • Longevity
• Impacts of Population Explosion

  • Pollution
  • Deforestation
  • Freshwater Availability
  • Natural Resources
  • Global Warming
  • Habitat Loss
• Urbanization: In 1950, 29% people lived in urban areas, by 2000 it was 47%, and by 2030 it is estimated to grow to 61%

  
• Causes of Urbanization


  • Rural problems like drought, discrimination, unemployment
  • All major developments in cities
  • Better life in cities
  • Standard of living
• Environmental Implications of Urbanization

  • Land/Housing
  • Food
  • Forests
  • Water supply and Sanitation
  • Energy resources
• Family Welfare Programmes


  • Basic training of Multi Purpose Health Worker
  • Village health guides schemes
  • Rural Health Training Center
  • Family welfare Training and Research Centre, Mumbai
• The huge population pressurizes and degrades the environment physically, chemically and biologically, and the state of health of people depends on clean environment
• Principles of Human Rights and Environment

  • Equity-Wealth, resources, energy distribution
  • Nutrition, Health and Human rights
  • Intellectual property rights
• Fundamental Human Rights


  • Rights of life liberty and security of a person
  • Right to own property
  • Right to freedom of opinion and expression
  • Right to an adequate standard of living
  • Right to education, freedom of thought, conscience and religion
  • Right to freedom from torture and degrading treatment
• "You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women" - Jawaharlal Nehru
• Women and Children's Problems

  • Collection and burning of household fuel by women
  • Women's problems with regard to water supply and sanitation
  • Women and children in hazardous occupation
  • Problem of cookstove pollution
• Women and Child Welfare Programmes in India

  • Sarva Shikshan Abhiyan
  • Balika Samridhi Yojana
  • Integrated Child development service
  • Special programs for development of women and children in rural area
• Population


  Group of individuals of a species occupying a definite geographic area at a given time
• Natality

  The number of individuals added to the population through reproduction over a particular time period, usually described as the birthrate
• Mortality

  The number of deaths in a population over a particular time period
• Mortality rates are very high, particularly among younger individuals
• Survivorship curve

  Graphical representation of the number of individuals surviving at each age in a population
• Gender ratio

  The relative numbers of males and females in a population
• Age distribution


  The number of individuals of each age in a population
• Population density

  The number of organisms per unit area
• Organisms are normally distributed unevenly due to factors like soil type, habitat quality, and water availability
• Fruitfly populations are very dense around a source of rotting fruit, while they are rare in other places