Topic 3

• Radiology


  Branch of science that deals with the study of diagnosis, and treatment of diseases by using radiation
• Radiation


  Transfer of energy, can be non-ionizing or ionizing (changes the structure of an atom)
• Radiologic Technology


  Branch of radiology that deals with the use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• Diseases in prehistoric times

  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Urinary Infections
  • Arthritis
• Ancient Egyptians


  Associated deities with health, illness, and death, embalming practices
• Crusades


  Spread of disease, plague
• Renaissance


  Paracelsus (chemistry), Fernel (physiology), Andreas Vesalius (father of anatomy)
• Imaging Modalities

  • Radiography
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Sonography
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Discovery of X-Rays


  Accidental discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in November 8, 1895 while working with Crookes tube and barium platinocyanide plate
• Radiography


  Uses film or solid-state image receptor and an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling on a track that allows the tube to be moved in any direction
• Fluoroscopyray tube located under examination table
• Computed Tomography


  Uses rotating x-ray source and detector array
• Intensifying Screen


  Converts x-ray into light, early radiographic procedures required long exposure times
• Double Emulsion


  Radiographs during early times were made by exposing a glass plate with a layer of photographic emulsion coated on one side.
• THREE GENERAL TYPES OF X-RAY EXAMINATION

  • Radiography
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Computed Tomography
• Michael Pupin - intensifying screen


  1896
• Thomas Edison - Fluoroscope


  1898
• Clarence Dally Madison - first x-ray fatality in the US


  1904
• Erythema


  Skin redness
• Denudation


  Skin loss
• Amputate


  Surgical removal of a limb
• Charles L. Leonard - double emulsion film - 1904
• Intensifying screen


  Converts x-ray into light
• Early radiographic procedures often required exposure times of 30 mins or longer
• Long exposure time results in image blur
• KVP


  Kilovoltage peak
• Double Emulsion


  Radiographs during Roentgen's time were made by exposing a glass plate with a layer of photographic emulsion coated on one side
• Double emulsion film did not become commercially available until 1918
• Cellulose Nitrate


  Substitute to glass plate
• Edison's original fluorescent material was barium platinocyanide, a widely known used laboratory material. He investigated the fluorescent properties of more than 1800 other materials, including zinc cadmium sulfide and calcium tungstate
• William Rollins - collimator and filtration


  Early 1900's
• H.C. Snook - Snook Transformer, interrupter less transformer to increase or decrease voltage


  1907
• William Coolidge - Coolidge tube (vacuum tube)


  1913
• Gustav Bucky and Hollis E. Potter - Potter-Bucky Grid to reduce scatter radiation


  1921
• Bell amplifier tube


  1946
• Rollins used x-ray to image teeth and found that restricting the x-ray beam with a sheet of a lead with a hole in the center (diaphragm) and inserting a leather or aluminum filter improved the diagnostic quality of radiographs
• Rollins' methods reduced the exposure of patients to x-rays and thereby minimize the possibility of x-ray burn
• Coolidge Tube


  • Far more superior than crookes tube, a vacuum tube that allowed x-ray intensity and energy to be selected separately and with great accuracy, x-ray tubes in use today are refinements of this
• In 1913, Gustar Bucky (German) Invented the stationary grid ("Glitter blende") and two months later, he applied for a second patent for a moving grid
• In 1915, H. Potter (American), probably unaware of Bucky's patent because of World War I, also invented a moving grid. To his credit, Potter recognized Bucky's work