UCSP

• Similar to human beings, societies also change. Changes in society, culture, and politics are unavoidable because new forms of culture and knowledge are developed all the time, and these continuously shape our social interactions, beliefs, and environment.
• Innovation


  An idea, translated into tangible output, which is believed to produce good service and value, and is replicable at a reasonable economic cost
• Types of innovations


  • Evolutionary
  • Revolutionary
• Evolutionary innovations


  • Brought about by technological advances and repetitive methods to perfect a certain technological trend
  • Focused on adaption
• Revolutionary innovations


  • Newly-introduced innovations which may be disruptive and risky
  • Focused on disruption
• The importance of innovation is that it paves the way for fostering sustainable growth, addresses social problems such as education and poverty, leads to an increase in demand for research and development, and has led to a global realization that traditional methods of dealing with societal issues may no longer be applicable in modern society.
• Innovation has a tremendous impact on societies around the world. It connects people even when they are physically separated. Through social media, day-to-day interactions among individuals has increased. Furthermore, technological platforms and other new innovations act as vehicles to spread information across the globe.
• Diffusion


  The process by which a belief or activity is passed on from one group to another. The process is facilitated by communication, social media, and other forms of technology, and can even occur during military conquest, missionary works, and tourism.
• Diffusion involves the spread of culture, and it could also be considered as a process of social change. Edward Tylor believed that cultures have developed similarities over time because groups have learned to share their unique practices among each other.
• Agents of diffusion


  • Technology
  • Globalization
  • Religion
• Acculturation


  The process by which a group gradually adapts the culture, processes, and beliefs of another. It is considered as second-culture learning, wherein a person of one distinct culture learns another culture without forgetting or abandoning his primary culture and belief system. In this system, cultural adaptation is usually voluntary.
• Acculturation


  • Adapting culture from the country of destination during migration
• Assimilation


  The process by which two cultures are merged together to become one distinct culture. Beliefs, customs, and practices are combined and act as the characterizing factors of the newly developed culture.
• Assimilation


  • Roman Catholicism during the Spanish colonial
• Both assimilation and acculturation alter cultural, social, and political processes at the micro-level.
• In acculturation, the minority cultures are not forced to commit and adapt into the main culture.
• In the Philippine setting, a distinct example of acculturation is the Spanish colonial period.
• Because of assimilation and acculturation, social interactions become more vast and distinct in such a way that new communication systems may be developed.
• Assimilation is not considered as second-culture learning.
• Social contradictions and tensions are disturbances believed to be against social norms and standards that are caused by a group of people. As society evolves, numerous issues have become areas of concern for a large portion of the population. As such, irreconcilable differences gradually develop into larger societal challenges that need to be addressed and resolved.
• Assimilation


  Second-culture learning
• Because of assimilation and acculturation, social interactions become more vast and distinct in such a way that new communication systems may be developed
• Social contradictions and tensions

  Disturbances believed to be against social norms and standards that are caused by a group of people
• Forms of Social Contradictions and Tensions

  • Inter-ethnic conflict
  • Class struggle
  • Armed conflict
  • Terrorism
  • Protests
  • Gender Issues
• Inter-ethnic conflict


  • Caused by conflicts on political, socio-economic, cultural, or territorial matters characterized by uncertainty and particularistic interests
• Inter-ethnic conflict


  • Ethnic violence occurring across provinces in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India from the late 20th to early 21st century
• Action is the antidote to despair-Edward Taylor
• Class struggle


  • Groups divided in terms of socio-economic capabilities oppose each other in society. Usually, the less-important group is overpowered by the richer one
• Global warming


  Significant increase in temperature of the Earth's surface
• Class struggle


  • Some land owners gain big profits from their produce while their workers, the people who tilled their soil, earn below minimum
• Climate change


  Rising of global temperature accompanied by 'side effects' like changing sea levels, more frequent rainstorms, melting ice glaciers, and drought
• Armed conflict


  • Wars between two conflicting states or groups brought about by issues on identity, race, religion, or competition
• Global warming is a symptom of climate change
• Armed conflict


  • A number of militant groups across the world expressed their desire to form new states that have their own jurisdiction and leadership within their home country
• Greenhouse


  Structure with transparent glass walls that functions to control the climate and environment of growing plants
• Terrorism


  • A criminal act that threatens the safety of a vast population of civilians in order to pursue extreme goals
• Terrorism


  • Bomb threats and attacks have been recorded in various parts of the world in the past few months
• Greenhouse gases


  Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and ozone (O3)

  
• Protests


  • A public demonstration to show disapproval for a decision made by certain social institutions
• Greenhouse effect


  Natural phenomenon where greenhouse gases let sunlight into the Earth's atmosphere and trap it to keep the surface of the Earth warm