ncert examples

• Oestrus Cycle

  • Tiger, cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs
• Menstrual Cycle

  • Monkeys, apes and humans
• Monoecious Plants (Bisexual plants)

  • Cucurbits and coconut, Chara
• Dioecious Plants (Unisexual Plants)

  • Papaya and date palm, Marchantia
• Bisexual animals (Hermaphrodite)

  • Earthworm, sponge, tapeworm and leech
• Unisexual animals

  • Cockroach
• Parthenogenesis

  • Rotifers, honeybees, some lizards, birds (Turkey)
• External fertilization

  • Most aquatic organisms – Majority of algae and fishes as well as amphibians
• Internal fertilization

  • Many terrestrial organisms – Belonging to fungi
  • Higher animals (reptiles, birds, mammals)
  • Majority of plants – Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms)
• Multicarpellary, Syncarpous pistil


  • Papaver
• Multicarpellary, Apocarpus gynoecium


  • Michelia
• Presence of one ovule in an ovary

  • Wheat, Paddy, Mango
• Presence of many ovules in an ovary

  • Papaya, Watermelon, Orchids
• Autogamy

  • Viola (common pansy), Oxalis and Commelina
• Abiotic agents of pollination

  • Wind and water
• Biotic agents of pollination

  • Bees, Butterflies, beetles, wasp, ants, moths, birds (sunbird and humming birds), bats, some primates(lemurs) and arboreal(tree-dwelling) rodents, reptiles (gecko lizard and garden lizard)
• Wind pollination

  • Grasses
• Water pollination

  • Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes
  • Vallisneria and Hydrilla (grow in fresh water)
  • Zostera (grow in marine water)
  • Water hyacinth and water lily
• Endosperms completely consumed by developing embryo before seed maturation

  • Pea, groundnuts, beans
• Persistent Endosperm

  • Castor and coconut
• Albuminous seed

  • Wheat, maize, barley, castor,sunflower
• Non-Albuminous seed

  • Pea and groundnut
• True fruits

  • Most of the fruits
• False fruits

  • Apple, strawberry, cashew
• Parthenocarpic fruits

  • Banana
• Apomixis

  • Asteraceae and grasses
• Polyembryony

  • Citrus fruits
• Hormones released during pregnancy

  • hCG, hPL, Estrogens, Progestogens(by placenta)
  • Relaxin (by ovary)
  • During pregnancy levels of estrogens, progestrogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine are also increased in maternal blood
• Natural methods of contraception

  • Periodic abstinence
  • Withdrawal or coitus interrupts
  • Lactational amenorrhea
• Barrier methods of contraception

  • Condoms, Diaphragms, cervical caps andvaults
• IUDs

  • Non-medicated IUDs – Lippes loop
  • Copper releasing IUDs – CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
  • Hormone releasing IUDs – Progestasert and LNG- 20
• Incomplete Dominance

  • Dog flower (snapdragon or Antirrhinumspecies)
• Co-dominance

  • ABO blood grouping
• Multiple Allelism

  • ABO blood grouping
• Pleiotropy

  • Phenylketonuria
• Male Heterogamety

  • Humans and drosophila (XY)
• Female Heterogamety

  • Birds (ZW)
• Point mutation

  • Sickle cell anemia
• Mendelian Disorders

  • Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, colorblindness, phenylketonuria, thalassemia
• Chromosomal disorders

  • Down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome,Turner's syndrome