INTRO of Alkaloids

• Sources of Alkaloids:

  • Fire Ant
  • Marine algae
  • Berries
  • Fruits
  • Bark
  • Leaves
  • Roots
• Sources of Alkaloids:

  A) Morphine

  B) Nicotine

  C) Nicotine

  D) Strychnine

  E) Quinine

  
• Characteristic of alkaloids:

  • Alkalo-oids
  • Bitter
  • Solid except: Nicotine Conine, Spartine
  • Free State: Sparingly soluble
  • Salts of heavy metals: insoluble precipitates
  • Acid : Alkaloidal salts: soluble in water
  • Base: Na2Co3
  • Solid Alkaloids: Slight or soluble in water and organic solvents
  • Pure alkaloids: Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
• Distribution:

  • Nicotine: French apothecaries Derosne in 1803
  • Morphine: Hanoverian apothecaries Serturner 1806
• Family distribution:

  • Faba
  • Solana
  • Rubia
  • Ranuncula
  • Papavera
  • Berberida
• plant examples of distribution :

  • Angels trumpet
  • Belladona
  • Betel nut
  • Coca Leaves
  • Ipecac
• Pharmacologic Use :

  • Analgesic and Narcotic - Morphine - Codiene
  • Antihypertensive- Reserpine
  • Central Stimulant- Strychnine - Brucine
  • Adregenic- Ephedrine
  • Mydriatics- Atropine
  • Miotics- Phygostamine - Pilocarpine
• Nomenclature

  • Genus: Ex. Hydrastine ( Hydrastis Canidensis ) Atropine (Atropa Belladona)
  • Common name: Ex. Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)- Ergotamine
  • Discoverer: Ex. Pelletierine (Puniea Panagratum)
  • Specie: Ex. Cocaine (Erythroxylum Coca) Belladonine (Atropa Belladona)
  • Physiologic activity: Ex. Emetine ( Hedera Helix-Areca) Narcotine (Papaver somniferum) Morphine (Morpheous)
  • Physical Characteristic: Ex. Hygrine ( Withania somniferum-solana ) Hygro>moist
• Taxonomic classification:

  • Cannabinaceous: Ex. Cannabis Sativa (Hemp, Marijuana)
  • Rubiceous: Ex. Chinchona Sp. (quinine)
  • Solanaceous
• Biosynthetic Classification:

  • Tryprophan : Indole alkaloids
  • Lysine: Pepiridine Alkaloids
  • Omnitine: Pyyrolidine Alkaloids
  • Tyrosine: Phenylethylamine
  • Histadine: Imidazole
• Biosynthetic Classification

  A) Trytophan

  B) lysine

  C) Omnitine

  D) tyrosine

  E) Histidine

  
• Pharmacologic classification

  • Morphine- Analgesic and Narcotic
  • Quinine- Anti malarial
  • Strychnine- Reflex Excitability
  • Lobeline- Respiratory Stimulant
  • Boldine- Choloretic and laxative
  • Acontine- Neuralgia
  • Pilocarpine- Anti glaucoma and miotic
  • Ergotamine- Oxytocic
  • Ephedrine- Bronchodilator
  • Narciene- Analgesic & antitussive
• Amino Acid

  Psuedo Alkaloids

  • Heterocyclic
  • Nitrogen
  • NOT derived in amino acids but derived in terpenoids and purines ex. caffeine
• Nitrogen

  Proto Alkaloids

  • NOT heterocyclic
  • Nitrogen
  • Derived from amino acids
  • Ex. Colchicine
• Heterocyclic Rings

  True Alkaloids

  • Nitrogen
  • Heterocyclic ring
  • Derived from aminoacid
  • Ex. Atropine
• Plant sources

  A) Pyridine-pepiridine

  B) tropane

  C) Quinoline

  D) Isoquinoline

  E) Imidazole

  F) Steriodal

  G) Indole

  H) Alkaloidal amines

  I) Purine

  
• Chemical classification

  A) hygrine

  B) lobeline

  C) senecionine

  D) atropine

  E) quinine

  F) Morphine

  G) Boldine

  H) Ergometrine

  I) Pilocarpine

  J) Lupanine

  K) Caffeine

  L) solandine

  M) Ephedrine

  N) Acontine