English

• Modal verbs

  Helps when speaking about ability, making requests and offers, asking permission, and more
• Modal verbs

  give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it
• Prohibition


  To prevent, forbid, stop, or disallow someone from doing something
• Modals of prohibition


  • Can't/cannot
  • Mustn't/must not
• Can't

  Gives the idea of something that is against the rules or policy
• Mustn't

  Means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule
• Obligation

  A duty or commitment
• Modals of obligation

  • Have to
  • Must
• Have to


  Shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker
• Must


  Expresses that the obligation comes from the speaker
• Permission


  Allowing someone to do something
• Modals of permission


  • Can
  • Could
• Can


  Most often used to ask for or give permission
• Could


  Not often used to ask for or give permission
• Reading comprehension is a valuable skill to develop in improving communication
• Your previous experiences, knowledge, emotion and understanding affect what and how you learn
• Schema


  Your background knowledge and experiences that help you make sense and meaning of the material you are exposed to
• Types of connections when reading

  • Text to self
  • Text to text
  • Text to world
• Text to self connections


  Personal connections between yourself and the selection, based on previous experiences, emotions or opinions
• Text to self connection questions

  • What does this remind me of in my life?
  • How is this similar to my life?
  • How is this different from my life?
  • Has something like this ever happened to me?
  • How does this relate to my life?
  • What were my feelings when I read this?
• Text to text connections

  Connections between the current text and other texts the reader has read, such as similar author, theme, topic or genre
• Text to text connection questions


  • What does this remind me of in another book I have read?
  • How is this text similar to other things I have read?
  • How is this different from other books I have read?
  • Have I read about something like this before?
• Text to world connections

  Larger connections the reader brings to the reading, including their perception of the world from various sources of learning beyond personal experiences
• Text to world connection questions

  • What does this remind me of in the real world?
  • How is this text similar to things happening in the real world?
  • How is this different from things happening in the real world?
  • How does this part relate to the world around me?
• Annotating is a purposeful strategy to help the reader comprehend what they are reading on a deeper level
• Benefits of annotating


  • Makes the reader more engaged with the material
  • Slows the reading to help focus on details and improve retention and comprehension
  • Helps the reader process what they are reading
  • Records textual evidence for later reference
• Annotation strategies


  • Circle unfamiliar words and look up definitions
  • Use question marks to indicate areas of uncertainty
  • Use stars to indicate important things like themes, symbols, foreshadowing
  • Use exclamation points to indicate something dramatic or a key turning point
  • Circle or mark character names when first introduced
  • Keep a list of characters and their traits
  • Write notes in the margins, on sticky notes, or in a separate notebook
  • Paraphrase or summarize each chapter
  • Write down questions about the text
  • Use a color-coded system
  • Give each chapter a title
• Bias


  The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment
• Types of bias


  • Anchoring bias
  • Media bias
  • Confirmation bias
  • Conformity bias
  • Halo effect
• Anchoring bias


  Happens when people rely too much on pre-existing information or the first information they find when making decisions
• Media bias


  Happens when journalists and news producers select the events and stories that are reported and how they are covered
• Confirmation bias


  The tendency of people to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs
• Conformity bias


  Happens when one makes a wrong or uncomfortable decision to fit in to please the group of people
• Halo effect


  A type of cognitive bias whereby our perception of someone is positively influenced by our opinions of that person's other related traits
• Prejudice


  Refers to pre-judging before looking at the evidence, an unfavorable opinion or feeling beforehand without knowledge thought or reason
• Types of prejudice


  • Racism
  • Sexism
  • Classicism
  • Ageism
  • Religion
• Racism


  The idea that groups of people exhibit different personality characteristics and can be separated based on the dominance of one race over another
• Sexism


  A form of prejudice based on sex or gender
• Classicism


  Prejudice based on social class or grouping of individuals based on wealth, occupation, income, education and social network
• Ageism

  Prejudicial attitude towards older people, old age and the aging process