ANAPHY

• Skeletal System- the foundation/central framework of the body.
• Bone tissues makes up about 18% of the total human body weight.
• The skeletal system supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form.
• Osteology- it is the branch of science that deals with the study of the skeletal system,their structure and functions.
• Skeletal System co posed of :

  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
• Tendons and ligaments- cannot stretch but only in a certain amount,if this two stretch too much,it can cause injury
• Bones- are rigid structure that constitutes the Skeletal system and are made up of calcium
• Cartilage- is a strong,flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones.
• Joints- any place two meet bones.
• Ligaments- appera as a crisscross bonds that attach bone to bone,that help estabilized joint.
• Tendons- attaches muscles to bones.
• Connective Tissue- stores fat,help move nutrients and other substances between tissue.
• When the ligaments stretch too much,it can cause sprain.
• When the tendons stretch too much,it can cause strain.
• Function of Skeletal System:

  • Support- hard framework that supports and anchors the soft organs of the body.
  • Protection- surrounds organ such as the brain and spinal cord.
  • Movements- allows for muscle attachment therefore the bones are used as levers.
  • Storage- minerals and lipids are stored within bone material.
  • Blood Ce Formation- The bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production.
• The human skeleton consist of 206 named bones.
• Bones are classified into two types: Axial Bone and Appendicular Bone
• Axial skeleton

  • Skull bones,auditory ossicles (ear bine),hyoif bone,ribs,sternum (breastbone),and bones of the vertebral column
• Appendicular Skeleton

  • Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs,plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the Axial skeleton.
• Axial Skeleton

  Skull

  • Cranium-8
  • Face-14
  • Hyoid-1
  • Auditory ossicles-6
  • Vertebral Column-26

  Thorax

  • Sternum-1
  • Ribs-24
• Appendicular Skeleton

  Pectoral Girdle

  • Clavicle-2
  • Scapula-2

  Upper Limbs

  • Humerus-2
  • Ulna-2
  • Radius-2
  • Carpals-16
  • Meta Carpals-10
  • Phalanges-28

  Pelvic girdle

  • Hip,pelvic,or coxal bone

  Lower Limbs

  • Femur-2
  • Patella-2
  • Fibula-2
  • Tibia-2
  • Tarsal-14
  • Meta tarsal-10
  • Phalanges-28
• Bones can be classified into five types bases o.

  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
• Long Bones- greater lengthy than width and are slightly curved for strenght.
• Short bones- cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width.

  Example: Carpal and Tarsal
• Flat bones- thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone.tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue.

  Examples:Cranial,sternum,ribs and scapulae
• Irregular bones- complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories

  Examples:Vertebrae,hip bone,some facial bones and calacneus.
• Sesamoid bones -protect tendons from excessive wear and tear

  Example:Patallae,foot and hand.
• The Axial skeleton consists of:

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Thoracic cage
  • Sternum
• Skull' is situated on the upper and of vertebral column and its bony structure is divided into 2 parts:Cranial and face.
• Cranium- it is formed by flat and irregular bones that provides q bony protection to the brain.
• 1 frontal Bone- it forms the forehead. It forms parts of eye sockets.
• 2 parietal bones- it form the sides and roof of the Cranial cavity,it articulates with each other at the sagittal suture.
• 2 temporal bones- these bones lie one on each side of the head and form immovable bones.
• 1 Occipital bone- it forms back of head and most of the base of the skull.It has immovable joints with the parietal,temporal and splendid bones.
• 1 sphenoid bone- it occupies the middle portion of base skull and it articulates with the occipital,temporal,parietal and fro tal bones.
• 1 Ethmoid Bone- it occupies the anterior part of base of the skulland helps to form the orbital cavity,the nasal septum and the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• Nasal bones- form the bridge of the nose
• Maxillae- form the upper jawbone and form most of the hard palate
• Zygomatic bones- commonly called "cheekbones",form the prominences of the cheeks
• Lacrimal Bones- form a part of the medial wall of each orbit